The Popes: St. Peter-Presnt.(Chron./Detail) (7)

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The Popes: From St. Peter to Present (Cont.)

Sources: Various | Last update: 5/31/05

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13th Century
Supreme Pontiff	Detail (dates*, ages, prior name, feast, comment/attributes, etc.)
178. Honorius III	Birth Date: N/A Beginning of Reign: July 18, 1216 End of Reign: March 18, 1227 Date of Death: March 18, 1227 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: "elderly" Lived to Approx. Age: "old age" Approx. Length of Reign: Over 10.5 years Prior Name (if different): Cencio Savelli Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Maintained peace. Promulgated a collection of Church law. Gave approval to the orders of St. Francis and St. Dominic (which were recognized by Innocent III). Fought heresy. Promoted the Fifth Crusade.
179. Gregory IX	Birth Date: c. 1155/1170 Beginning of Reign: March 19, 1227 End of Reign: August 22, 1241 Date of Death: August 22, 1241 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 57-72 Lived to Approx. Age: 71-86 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 14.5 years Prior Name (if different): Ugolino (Ugo) Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Condemned the emperor, who turned on the pope. Commissioned an authoritative compendium of Church law, legislated against heresy, instituted the papal inquisition, supported (and canonized) St. Francis & St. Dominic, and supported missions.
180. Celestine IV	Birth Date: N/A Beginning of Reign: October 25, 1241 End of Reign: November 10, 1241 Date of Death: November 10, 1241 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: N/A Lived to Approx. Age: N/A Approx. Length of Reign: 16 days Prior Name (if different): Goffredo da Castiglione Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Elected in what has been called the first conclave, the new pope died only days after his election. His death was thought to have been brought on by the deliberately poor conditions during the conclave (which was a forced confinement ordered by the effective dictator of Rome).
181. Innocent IV	Birth Date: N/A Beginning of Reign: June 25, 1243 End of Reign: December 7, 1254 Date of Death: December 7, 1254 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: N/A Lived to Approx. Age: N/A Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 11.5 years Prior Name (if different): Sinibaldo Fieschi Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Called a general council in Lyons which condemned the emperor. Promoted papal power, struggled for years against the emperor, issued collections of legal rulings, fought heresy (allowing the use of severe punishments by the inquisitors), promoted missions. [Note: Innocent's allowing of torture in fighting heresy is shocking to modern sensibilities, but it may, perhaps, appear somewhat less shocking when considered in context. For example, consider that: the Church's tribunals may have allowed less severity than permitted in secular courts (persons, therefore, may have preferred the Church's tribunal to secular courts) and that torture may have been employed only for cases of extreme gravity where guilt appeared certain and when lesser measures were unsuccessful. If one considers the Church's duty to save souls from eternal torment that may arise from adherence to heresy, Her refusing to spare bodies from temporary punishment to prohibit this worse (eternal) loss may, possibly, make such decisions somewhat easier to fathom.]
182. Alexander IV	Birth Date: end of 12th century Beginning of Reign: December 12, 1254 End of Reign: May 25, 1261 Date of Death: May 25, 1261 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: "elderly" Lived to Approx. Age: "old age" Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 6.5 years Prior Name (if different): Rinaldo Feast Day (if applicable): N/A His papacy saw continued power struggles in the temporal sphere and continued political struggles with the rulers. There were unsuccessful efforts to reunite the Eastern and Western Churches.
183. Urban IV	Birth Date: c. 1200 Beginning of Reign: August 29, 1261 End of Reign: October 2, 1264 Date of Death: October 2, 1264 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 61 Lived to Approx. Age: 64 Approx. Length of Reign: Over 3 years Prior Name (if different): Jacques Pantaleon Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Due to the conditions there, he resided outside Rome. He added cardinals to the College, sought to recover papal control in Italy, and extended the feast of Corpus Christi to the whole Church.
184. Clement IV	Birth Date: c. 1195/1200 Beginning of Reign: February 5, 1265 End of Reign: November 29, 1268 Date of Death: November 29, 1268 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 65-70 Lived to Approx. Age: 68-73 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 4 years Prior Name (if different): Guy Foulques Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Like his predecessor, he also resided outside of Rome due to conditions there. His papacy saw continued struggles for control and unsuccessful discussions regarding a Greek reunion.
185. Bl. Gregory X	Birth Date: c. 1210 Beginning of Reign: September 1, 1271 End of Reign: January 10, 1276 Date of Death: January 10, 1276 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 61 Lived to Approx. Age: 66 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 4.5 years Prior Name (if different): Tedaldo Visconti Feast Day (if applicable): January 9/10 After a long vacancy, Gregory was elected pope. He called a general council to discuss the union of Eastern and Western Churches and a new crusade. The council also decreed regarding papal elections.
186. Bl. Innocent V	Birth Date: c. 1215/1224 Beginning of Reign: January 21, 1276 End of Reign: June 22, 1276 Date of Death: June 22, 1276 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 52-61 Lived to Approx. Age: 52-61 Approx. Length of Reign: Approx. 5 months Prior Name (if different): Pierre of Tarentaise Feast Day (if applicable): June 22 First Dominican pope. Reconciled Genoa with King Charles. Died after a short pontificate
187. Adrian (Hadrian) V	Birth Date: c. 1205 Beginning of Reign: July 11, 1276 End of Reign: August 18, 1276 Date of Death: August 18, 1276 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 71 Lived to Approx. Age: 71 Approx. Length of Reign: 38 days Prior Name (if different): Ottobono Fieschi Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Adrian was elected pope in a difficult conclave. After his election, he promised new rules regarding conclaves. He died before being consecrated.
188. John XXI (XX)	Birth Date: c. 1205/1220 Beginning of Reign: September 8, 1276 End of Reign: May 20, 1277 Date of Death: May 20, 1277 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 56-71 Lived to Approx. Age: 57-72 Approx. Length of Reign: Approx. 8 months Prior Name (if different): Pedro Juliao (Peter of Spain) Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Sought to maintain the union of the Greek Church with Rome. Ordered investigation of false doctrines taught in Paris. Suspended the previous decree regarding conclaves. Died suddenly when the ceiling collapsed. Note: Confusion in the numbering of popes resulted in there being no John XX.
189. Nicholas III	Birth Date: c. 1210/1220 Beginning of Reign: November 25, 1277 End of Reign: August 22, 1280 Date of Death: August 22, 1280 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 57-67 Lived to Approx. Age: 60-70 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 3 years Prior Name (if different): Giovanni Gaetano Feast Day (if applicable): N/A His papacy saw many diplomatic efforts among competing interests in the temporal sphere. Defended the poverty of the Franciscans. Moved the papal residence to the Vatican. Restored St. Peter's. Persuaded the senator of Rome to resign after completion of his term in office. Effectively enlarged the papal state.
190. Martin IV	Birth Date: c. 1210/1220 Beginning of Reign: February 22, 1281 End of Reign: March 28, 1285 Date of Death: March 28, 1285 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 61-71 Lived to Approx. Age: 65-75 Approx. Length of Reign: Just over 4 years Prior Name (if different): Simon de Brie Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Resided outside of Rome. Terminated efforts at a peaceful union of the Greek Church. Reversed his predecessor's political policies.
191. Honorius IV	Birth Date: 1210 Beginning of Reign: April 2, 1285 End of Reign: April 3, 1287 Date of Death: April 3, 1287 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 75 Lived to Approx. Age: 77 Approx. Length of Reign: 2 years Prior Name (if different): Giacomo Savelli Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Reestablished order in Rome and restored peace. Supported the mendicant orders. Disputed over control of Sicily.
192. Nicholas IV	Birth Date: September 30, 1227 Beginning of Reign: February 22, 1288 End of Reign: April 4, 1292 Date of Death: April 4, 1292 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 61 Lived to Approx. Age: 65 Approx. Length of Reign: Just over 4 years Prior Name (if different): Girolamo Masci Feast Day (if applicable): N/A First Franciscan pope. Sought to protect the papal state. Sent missionaries to China and elsewhere. Embellished churches.
193. St. Celestine V	Birth Date: c. 1209/1210 Beginning of Reign: July 5, 1294 End of Reign: December 13, 1294 Date of Death: May 19, 1296 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 84-85 Lived to Approx. Age: 86-87 Approx. Length of Reign: Approx. 5 months Prior Name (if different): Pietro del Morrone Feast Day (if applicable): May 19 After a long vacancy, a renown, ascetic and elderly hermit was elected pope. Although a holy man, he was considered unsuited for the demands of the papal office. He abdicated the papacy after a few months. He was later held in custody until he died.
194. Boniface VIII	Birth Date: c. 1235 Beginning of Reign: December 24, 1294 End of Reign: October 11, 1303 Date of Death: October 11, 1303 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 59 Lived to Approx. Age: 68 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 9 years Prior Name (if different): Benedetto Caetani Feast Day (if applicable): N/A This forceful pope conflicted with the King of France. Seeking peace, he intervened in various political disputes. He decreed against taxing clergy without papal approval, published a book of Church law, proclaimed first Jubilee ("Holy Year") in 1300, clearly stated that obedience to the pope is necessary for salvation, founded a university at Rome, and catalogued the papal library. He was seized by order of the King of France, dying shortly thereafter.
Top \| The Popes
14th Century
Supreme Pontiff	Detail (dates*, ages, prior name, feast, comment/attributes, etc.)
195. Bl. Benedict XI	Birth Date: 1240 Beginning of Reign: October 22, 1303 End of Reign: July 7, 1304 Date of Death: July 7, 1304 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 63 Lived to Approx. Age: 64 Approx. Length of Reign: Approx. 9 months Prior Name (if different): Niccolo Boccasino Feast Day (if applicable): July 7 He took a conciliatory approach, but was unable to make much headway in restoring peace. He died after a short reign.
196. Clement V	Birth Date: c. 1260 Beginning of Reign: June 5, 1305 End of Reign: April 20, 1314 Date of Death: April 20, 1314 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 45 Lived to Approx. Age: 54 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 9 years Prior Name (if different): Bertrand de Got Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Under his reign, the seventy year 'Babylonian Captivity' began (the papacy was moved to Avignon). He faced constant pressure from the French King and dissolved the order of the Knights Templar.
197. John XXII (XXI)	Birth Date: c. 1244 Beginning of Reign: August 7, 1316 End of Reign: December 4, 1334 Date of Death: December 4, 1334 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 72 Lived to Approx. Age: 90 Approx. Length of Reign: Over 18 years Prior Name (if different): Jacques Duese Feast Day (if applicable): N/A He built up Avignon, redrew diocesan boundaries, disputed with Franciscans, and promoted missions. He was accused of heresy for maintaining that the saints do not enjoy the Beatific Vision until the final judgment. He eventually retracted his incorrect position (which he said was his own private view, and not an official papal teaching).
198. Benedict XII	Birth Date: c. 1280/1285 Beginning of Reign: December 20, 1334 End of Reign: April 25, 1342 Date of Death: April 25, 1342 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 49-54 Lived to Approx. Age: 57-62 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 7.5 years Prior Name (if different): Jacques Fournier Feast Day (if applicable): N/A He reformed religious orders, imposing strict observance of their rules, protected orthodoxy, reorganized the curia, and built a papal palace in Avignon. During his papacy, the Hundred Years War between France and England broke out.
199. Clement VI	Birth Date: 1291 Beginning of Reign: May 7, 1342 End of Reign: December 6, 1352 Date of Death: December 6, 1352 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 51 Lived to Approx. Age: 61 Approx. Length of Reign: Over 10.5 years Prior Name (if different): Pierre Roger Feast Day (if applicable): N/A He purchased Avignon for the papacy, extended the palace at Avignon, reduced the time between jubilee years, assisted the poor, defended Jews blamed for the Black Death. His pontificate witnessed much political turmoil.
200. Innocent VI	Birth Date: 1282 Beginning of Reign: December 18, 1352 End of Reign: September 12, 1362 Date of Death: September 12, 1362 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 70 Lived to Approx. Age: 80 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 10 years Prior Name (if different): Etienne Aubert Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Still in Avignon, this pope protected papal power, uprooted abuses, and recovered most of the Papal States. His pontificate witnessed much military turmoil.
201. Bl. Urban V	Birth Date: 1310 Beginning of Reign: September 28, 1362 End of Reign: December 19, 1370 Date of Death: December 19, 1370 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 52 Lived to Approx. Age: 60 Approx. Length of Reign: Over 8 years Prior Name (if different): Guilaume de Grimoard Feast Day (if applicable): December19 A generous pope, he supported students and the arts. He fought abuse and was finally able to return the papacy to Rome. He undertook major restoration work in Rome and tried to uproot abuses, but when hostilities surfaced, he returned to Avignon where he soon died.
202. Gregory XI	Birth Date: 1329 Beginning of Reign: December 30, 1370 End of Reign: March 27, 1378 Date of Death: March 27, 1378 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 41 Lived to Approx. Age: 49 Approx. Length of Reign: Over 7 years Prior Name (if different): Pierre Roger de Beaufort Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Tried to establish peace. He is known for staunchly fighting heresy (including condemning the heretic John Wyclif, an English priest). This French pope is also credited with finally bringing back the papacy from Avignon, France to Rome on January 17, 1377.
203. Urban VI	Birth Date: c. 1318 Beginning of Reign: April 8, 1378 End of Reign: October 15, 1389 Date of Death: October 15, 1389 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 60 Lived to Approx. Age: 71 Approx. Length of Reign: Approx. 11.5 years Prior Name (if different): Bartolomeo Prignano Feast Day (if applicable): N/A At the conclave, cardinals appeased an angry mob - fearful of the papacy returning to France - by telling them a Roman had been elected pope, when this was not the case. Afterwards, Urban's behavior caused alarm and the validity of Urban's pontificate was questioned. An antipope was elected and the Great Schism of the west began. Years of strife ensued, and Urban's behavior was criticized. Urban extended the feast of the Visitation to the whole Church.
204. Boniface IX	Birth Date: c. 1350 Beginning of Reign: November 2, 1389 End of Reign: October 1, 1404 Date of Death: October 1, 1404 Approx. Age at Beginning of Reign: 39 Lived to Approx. Age: 54 Approx. Length of Reign: Nearly 15 years Prior Name (if different): Pietro Tomacelli Feast Day (if applicable): N/A Asserted papal authority, gained more control over the papal state, made an offer to the antipope to end the Great Schism of the West. Has been charged with questionable fund raising.
Top \| The Popes

* All dates A.D.

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The Popes: From St. Peter to Present (Cont.)

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13th Century

14th Century

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