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Title: |
Longinqua
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Descr.: |
On Catholicism In The United States
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Pope: |
Pope Leo XIII
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Date: |
January 6, 1895
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To
the Archbishops and Bishops of the United States.
1.
We traverse in spirit and thought the wide expanse of ocean; and
although We have at other times addressed you in writing - chiefly
when We directed Encyclical Letters to the bishops of the Catholic
world - yet We have now resolved to speak to you separately,
trusting that We shall be, God willing, of some assistance to the
Catholic cause amongst you. To this We apply Ourselves with the
utmost zeal and care; because We highly esteem and love
exceedingly the young and vigorous American nation, in which We
plainly discern latent forces for the advancement alike of
civilization and of Christianity.
2.
Not long ago, when your whole nation, as was fitting, celebrated,
with grateful recollection and every manifestation of joy, the
completion of the fourth century since the discovery of America,
We, too, commemorated together with you that most auspicious
event, sharing in your rejoicings with equal goodwill. Nor were
We on that occasion content with offering prayers at a distance
for your welfare and greatness. It was Our wish to be in some
manner present with you in your festivities. Hence We cheerfully
sent one who should represent Our person. Not without good reason
did We take part in your celebration. For when America was, as
yet, but a new-born babe, uttering in its cradle its first feeble
cries, the Church took it to her bosom and motherly embrace.
Columbus, as We have elsewhere expressly shown, sought, as the
primary fruit of his voyages and labors, to open a pathway for the
Christian faith into new lands and new seas. Keeping this thought
constantly in view, his first solicitude, wherever he disembarked,
was to plant upon the shore the sacred emblem of the cross.
Wherefore, like as the Ark of Noe, surmounting the overflowing
waters, bore the seed of Israel together with the remnants of the
human race, even thus did the barks launched by Columbus upon the
ocean carry into regions beyond the seas as well the germs of
mighty States as the principles of the Catholic religion.
3.
This is not the place to give a detailed account of what thereupon
ensued. Very rapidly did the light of the Gospel shine upon the
savage tribes discovered by the Ligurian. For it is sufficiently
well known how many of the children of Francis, as well as of
Dominic and of Loyola, were accustomed during the two following
centuries to voyage thither for this purpose; how they cared for
the colonies brought over from Europe; but primarily and chiefly
how they converted the natives from superstition to Christianity,
sealing their labors in many instances with the testimony of their
blood. The names newly given to so many of your towns and rivers
and mountains and lakes teach and clearly witness how deeply your
beginnings were marked with the footprints of the Catholic Church.
4.
Nor, perchance did the fact which We now recall take place without
some design of divine Providence. Precisely at the epoch when the
American colonies, having, with Catholic aid, achieved liberty and
independence, coalesced into a constitutional Republic the
ecclesiastical hierarchy was happily established amongst you; and
at the very time when the popular suffrage placed the great
Washington at the helm of the Republic, the first bishop was set
by apostolic authority over the American Church. The well-known
friendship and familiar intercourse which subsisted between these
two men seems to be an evidence that the United States ought to be
conjoined in concord and amity with the Catholic Church. And not
without cause; for without morality the State cannot endure - a
truth which that illustrious citizen of yours, whom We have just
mentioned, with a keenness of insight worthy of his genius and
statesmanship perceived and proclaimed. But the best and strongest
support of morality is religion. She, by her very nature, guards
and defends all the principles on which duties are founded, and
setting before us the motives most powerful to influence us,
commands us to live virtuously and forbids us to transgress. Now
what is the Church other than a legitimate society, founded by the
will and ordinance of Jesus Christ for the preservation of
morality and the defense of religion? For this reason have We
repeatedly endeavored, from the summit of the pontifical dignity,
to inculcate that the Church, whilst directly and immediately
aiming at the salvation of souls and the beatitude which is to be
attained in heaven, is yet, even in the order of temporal things,
the fountain of blessings so numerous and great that they could
not have been greater or more numerous had the original purpose of
her institution been the pursuit of happiness during the life
which is spent on earth.
5.
That your Republic is progressing and developing by giant strides
is patent to all; and this holds good in religious matters also.
For even as your cities, in the course of one century, have made a
marvelous increase in wealth and power, so do we behold the
Church, from scant and slender beginnings, grown with rapidity to
be great and exceedingly flourishing. Now if, on the one hand, the
increased riches and resources of your cities are justly
attributed to the talents and active industry of the American
people, on the other hand, the prosperous condition of Catholicity
must be ascribed, first indeed, to the virtue, the ability, and
the prudence of the bishops and clergy; but in so slight measure
also, to the faith and generosity of the Catholic laity. Thus,
while the different classes exerted their best energies, you were
enabled to erect unnumbered religious and useful institutions,
sacred edifices, schools for the instruction of youth, colleges
for the higher branches, homes for the poor, hospitals for the
sick, and convents and monasteries. As for what more closely
touches spiritual interests, which are based upon the exercise of
Christian virtues, many facts have been brought to Our notice,
whereby We are animated with hope and filled with joy, namely,
that the numbers of the secular and regular clergy are steadily
augmenting, that pious sodalities and confraternities are held in
esteem, that the Catholic parochial schools, the Sunday-schools
for imparting Christian doctrine, and summer schools are in a
flourishing condition; moreover, associations for mutual aid, for
the relief of the indigent, for the promotion of temperate living,
add to all this the many evidences of popular piety.
6.
The main factor, no doubt, in bringing things into this happy
state were the ordinances and decrees of your synods, especially
of those which in more recent times were convened and confirmed by
the authority of the Apostolic See. But, moreover (a fact which it
gives pleasure to acknowledge), thanks are due to the equity of
the laws which obtain in America and to the customs of the
well-ordered Republic. For the Church amongst you, unopposed by
the Constitution and government of your nation, fettered by no
hostile legislation, protected against violence by the common laws
and the impartiality of the tribunals, is free to live and act
without hindrance. Yet, though all this is true, it would be very
erroneous to draw the conclusion that in America is to be sought
the type of the most desirable status of the Church, or that it
would be universally lawful or expedient for State and Church to
be, as in America, dissevered and divorced. The fact that
Catholicity with you is in good condition, nay, is even enjoying a
prosperous growth, is by all means to be attributed to the
fecundity with which God has endowed His Church, in virtue of
which unless men or circumstances interfere, she spontaneously
expands and propagates herself; but she would bring forth more
abundant fruits if, in addition to liberty, she enjoyed the favor
of the laws and the patronage of the public authority.
7.
For Our part We have left nothing undone, as far as circumstances
permitted, to preserve and more solidly establish amongst you the
Catholic religion. With this intent, We have, as you are well
aware, turned Our attention to two special objects: first, the
advancement of learning; second, a perfecting of methods in the
management of Church affairs. There already, indeed, existed
several distinguished universities. We, however, thought it
advisable that there should be one founded by authority of the
Apostolic See and endowed by Us with all suitable powers, in which
Catholic professors might instruct those devoted to the pursuit of
learning. The design was to begin with philosophy and theology,
adding, as means and circumstances would allow, the remaining
branches, those particularly which the present age has introduced
or perfected. An education cannot be deemed complete which takes
no notice of modern sciences. It is obvious that in the existing
keen competition of talents, and the widespread and, in itself,
noble and praiseworthy passion for knowledge, Catholics ought to
be not followers but leaders. It is necessary, therefore, that
they should cultivate every refinement of learning, and zealously
train their minds to the discovery of truth and the investigation,
so far as it is possible, of the entire domain of nature. This in
every age has been the desire of the Church; upon the enlargement
of the boundaries of the sciences has she been wont to bestow all
possible labor and energy. By a letter, therefore, dated the
seventh day of March, in the year of Our Lord 1889, directed to
you, Venerable Brethren, We established at Washington, your
capital city, esteemed by a majority of you a very proper seat for
the higher studies, a university for the instruction of young men
desirous of pursuing advanced courses. In announcing this matter
to Our Venerable Brethren, the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,
in Consistory, We expressed the wish that it should be regarded as
the fixed law of the university to unite erudition and learning
with soundness of faith and to imbue its students not less with
religion than with scientific culture. To the Bishops of the
United States We entrusted the task of establishing a suitable
course of studies and of supervising the discipline of the
students; and We conferred the office and authority of Chancellor,
as it is called, upon the Archbishop of Baltimore. And, by divine
favor, a quite happy beginning was made. For, without any delay,
whilst you were celebrating the hundredth anniversary of the
establishment of your ecclesiastical hierarchy, under the
brightest auspices, in the presence of Our delegate, the divinity
classes were opened. From that time onward We know that
theological science has been imparted by the diligence of eminent
men the renown of whose talents and learning receives a fitting
crown in their recognized loyalty and devotion to the Apostolic
See. Nor is it long since We were apprised that, thanks to the
liberality of a pious priest, a new building had been constructed,
in which young men, as well cleric as lay, are to receive
instruction in the natural sciences and in literature. From Our
knowledge of the American character, We are fully confident that
the example set by this noble man will incite others of your
citizens to imitate him; they will not fail to realize that
liberality exercised towards such an object will be repaid by the
very greatest advantages to the public.
8.
No one can be ignorant how powerfully similar institutions of
learning, whether originally founded by the Roman Church herself
from time to time or approved and promoted by her legislation,
have contributed to the spread of knowledge and civilization in
every part of Europe. Even in Our own day, though other instances
might be given, it is enough to mention the University of Louvain,
to which the entire Belgian nation ascribes its almost daily
increase in prosperity and glory. Equally abundant will be the
benefits proceeding from the Washington University, if the
professors and students (as We doubt not they will) be mindful of
Our injunctions, and, shunning party spirit and strife, conciliate
the good opinion of the people and the clergy.
9.
We wish now, Venerable Brethren, to commend to your affection and
to the generosity of your people the college which Our
predecessor, Pius IX, founded in this city for the ecclesiastical
training of young men from North America, and which We took care
to place upon a firm basis by a letter dated the twenty-fifth day
of October, in the year of Our Lord 1884. We can make this appeal
the more confidently, because the results obtained from this
institution have by no means belied the expectations commonly
entertained regarding it. You yourselves can testify that during
its brief existence it has sent forth a very large number of
exemplary priests, some of whom have been promoted for their
virtue and learning to the highest degrees of ecclesiastical
dignity. We are, therefore, thoroughly persuaded that you will
continue to be solicitous to send hither select young men who are
in training to become the hope of the Church. For they will carry
back to their homes and utilize for the general good the wealth of
intellectual attainments and moral excellence which they shall
have acquired in the city of Rome.
10.
The love which We cherish towards the Catholics of your nation
moved Us, likewise, to turn Our attention at the very beginning of
Our Pontificate to the convocation of a third Plenary Council of
Baltimore. Subsequently, when the archbishops, at Our invitation,
had come to Rome, We diligently inquired from them what they
deemed most conducive to the common good. We finally, and after
mature deliberation, ratified by apostolic authority the decrees
of the prelates assembled at Baltimore. In truth the event has
proven, and still proves, that the decrees of Baltimore were
salutary and timely in the extreme. Experience has demonstrated
their power for the maintenance of discipline; for stimulating the
intelligence and zeal of the clergy; for defending and developing
the Catholic education of youth. Wherefore, Venerable Brethren, if
We make acknowledgement of your activity in these matters, if We
laud your firmness tempered with prudence, We but pay tribute due
to your merit; for We are fully sensible that so great a harvest
of blessings could by no means have so swiftly ripened to
maturity, had you not exerted yourselves, each to the utmost of
his ability, sedulously and faithfully to carry into effect the
statutes you had wisely framed at Baltimore.
11.
But when the Council of Baltimore had concluded its labors, the
duty still remained of putting, so to speak, a proper and becoming
crown upon the work. This, We perceived, could scarcely be done in
a more fitting manner than through the due establishment by the
Apostolic See of an American Legation. Accordingly, as you are
well aware, We have done this. By this action, as We have
elsewhere intimated, We have wished, first of all, to certify
that, in Our judgment and affection, America occupies the same
place and rights as other States, be they ever so mighty and
imperial. In addition to this We had in mind to draw more closely
the bonds of duty and friendship which connect you and so many
thousands of Catholics with the Apostolic See. In fact, the mass
of the Catholics understood how salutary Our action was destined
to be; they saw, moreover, that it accorded with the usage and
policy of the Apostolic See. For it has been, from earliest
antiquity, the custom of the Roman Pontiffs in the exercise of the
divinely bestowed gift of the primacy in the administration of the
Church of Christ to send forth legates to Christian nations and
peoples. And they did this, not by an adventitious but an inherent
right. For "the Roman Pontiff, upon whom Christ has conferred
ordinary and immediate jurisdiction, as well over all and singular
churches, as over all and singular pastors and faithful,(1) since
he cannot personally visit the different regions and thus exercise
the pastoral office over the flock entrusted to him, finds it
necessary from time to time, in the discharge of the ministry
imposed on him, to dispatch legates into different parts of the
world, according as the need arises; who, supplying his place, may
correct errors, make the rough ways plain, and administer to the
people confided to their care increased means of
salvation."(2)
12.
But how unjust and baseless would be the suspicion, should it
anywhere exist, that the powers conferred on the legate are an
obstacle to the authority of the bishops! Sacred to Us (more than
to any other) are the rights of those "whom the Holy Ghost
has placed as bishops to rule the Church of God." That these
rights should remain intact in every nation in every part of the
globe, We both desire and ought to desire, the more so since the
dignity of the individual bishop is by nature so interwoven with
the dignity of the Roman Pontiff that any measure which benefits
the one necessarily protects the other. "My honor is the
honor of the Universal Church. My honor is the unimpaired vigor of
My brethren. Then am I truly honored when to each one due honor is
not denied."(3) Therefore, since it is the office and
function of an apostolic legate, with whatsoever powers he may be
vested, to execute the mandates and interpret the will of the
Pontiff who sends him, thus, so far from his being of any
detriment to the ordinary power of the bishops, he will rather
bring an accession of stability and strength. His authority will
possess no slight weight for preserving in the multitude a
submissive spirit; in the clergy discipline and due reverence for
the bishops, and in the bishops mutual charity and an intimate
union of souls. And since this union, so salutary and desirable,
consists mainly in harmony of thought and action, he will, no
doubt, bring it to pass that each one of you shall persevere in
the diligent administration of his diocesan affairs; that one
shall not impede another in matters of government; that one shall
not pry into the counsels and conduct of another; finally, that
with disagreements eradicated and mutual esteem maintained, you
may all work together with combined energies to promote the glory
of the American Church and the general welfare. It is difficult to
estimate the good results which will flow from this concord of the
bishops. Our own people will receive edification; and the force of
example will have its effect on those without who will be
persuaded by this argument alone that the divine apostolate has
passed by inheritance to the ranks of the Catholic episcopate.
13.
Another consideration claims our earnest attention. All
intelligent men are agreed, and We Ourselves have with pleasure
intimated it above, that America seems destined for greater
things. Now, it is Our wish that the Catholic Church should not
only share in, but help to bring about, this prospective
greatness. We deem it right and proper that she should, by
availing herself of the opportunities daily presented to her, keep
equal step with the Republic in the march of improvement, at the
same time striving to the utmost, by her virtue and her
institutions, to aid in the rapid growth of the States. Now, she
will attain both these objects the more easily and abundantly, in
proportion to the degree in which the future shall find her
constitution perfected. But what is the meaning of the legation of
which we are speaking, or what is its ultimate aim except to bring
it about that the constitution of the Church shall be
strengthened, her discipline better fortified? Wherefore, We
ardently desire that this truth should sink day by day more deeply
into the minds of Catholics - namely, that they can in no better way
safeguard their own individual interests and the common good than
by yielding a hearty submission and obedience to the Church. Your
faithful people, however, are scarcely in need of exhortation on
this point; for they are accustomed to adhere to the institutions
of Catholicity with willing souls and a constancy worthy of all
praise.
14.
To one matter of the first importance and fraught with the
greatest blessings it is a pleasure at this place to refer, on
account of the holy firmness in principle and practice respecting
it which, as a rule, rightly prevails amongst you; We mean the
Christian dogma of the unity and indissolubility of marriage;
which supplies the firmest bond of safety not merely to the family
but to society at large. Not a few of your citizens, even of those
who dissent from us in other doctrines, terrified by the
licentiousness of divorce, admire and approve in this regard the
Catholic teaching and the Catholic customs. They are led to this
judgment not less by love of country than by the wisdom of the
doctrine. For difficult it is to imagine a more deadly pest to the
community than the wish to declare dissoluble a bond which the law
of God has made perpetual and inseverable. Divorce "is the
fruitful cause of mutable marriage contracts; it diminishes mutual
affection; it supplies a pernicious stimulus to unfaithfulness; it
is injurious to the care and education of children; it gives
occasion to the breaking up of domestic society; it scatters the
seeds of discord among families; it lessens and degrades the
dignity of women, who incur the danger of being abandoned when
they shall have subserved the lust of their husbands. And since
nothing tends so effectually as the corruption of morals to ruin
families and undermine the strength of kingdoms, it may easily be
perceived that divorce is especially hostile to the prosperity of
families and States."(4)
15.
As regards civil affairs, experience has shown how important it is
that the citizens should be upright and virtuous. In a free State,
unless justice be generally cultivated, unless the people be
repeatedly and diligently urged to observe the precepts and laws
of the Gospel, liberty itself may be pernicious. Let those of the
clergy, therefore, who are occupied with the instruction of the
multitude, treat plainly this topic of the duties of citizens, so
that all may understand and feel the necessity, in political life,
of conscientiousness, self restraint, and integrity; for that
cannot be lawful in public which is unlawful in private affairs.
On this whole subject there are to be found, as you know, in the
encyclical letters written by Us from time to time in the course
of Our pontificate, many things which Catholics should attend to
and observe. In these writings and expositions We have treated of
human liberty, of the chief Christian duties, of civil government,
and of the Christian constitution of States, drawing Our
principles as well from the teaching of the Gospels as from
reason. They, then, who wish to be good citizens and discharge
their duties faithfully may readily learn from Our Letters the
ideal of an upright life. In like manner, let the priests be
persistent in keeping before the minds of the people the
enactments of the Third Council of Baltimore, particularly those
which inculcate the virtue of temperance, the frequent use of the
sacraments and the observance of the just laws and institutions of
the Republic.
16.
Now, with regard to entering societies, extreme care should be
taken not to be ensnared by error. And We wish to be understood as
referring in a special manner to the working classes, who
assuredly have the right to unite in associations for the
promotion of their interests; a right acknowledged by the Church
and unopposed by nature. But it is very important to take heed
with whom they are to associate, lest whilst seeking aid for the
improvement of their condition they may be imperiling far
weightier interests. The most effectual precaution against this
peril is to determine with themselves at no time or in any matter
to be parties to the violation of justice. Any society, therefore,
which is ruled by and servilely obeys persons who are not
steadfast for the right and friendly to religion is capable of
being extremely prejudicial to the interests as well of
individuals as of the community; beneficial it cannot be. Let this
conclusion, therefore, remain firm - to shun not only those
associations which have been openly condemned by the judgment of
the Church, but those also which, in the opinion of intelligent
men, and especially of the bishops, are regarded as suspicious and
dangerous.
17.
Nay, rather, unless forced by necessity to do otherwise, Catholics
ought to prefer to associate with Catholics, a course which will
be very conducive to the safeguarding of their faith. As
presidents of societies thus formed among themselves, it will be
well to appoint either priests or upright laymen of weight and
character, guided by whose counsels they should endeavor
peacefully to adopt and carry into effect such measures as may
seem most advantageous to their interests, keeping in view the
rules laid down by Us in Our Encyclical, Rerum Novarum. Let them,
however, never allow this to escape their memory: that whilst it
is proper and desirable to assert and secure the rights of the
many, yet this is not to be done by a violation of duty; and that
these are very important duties; not to touch what belongs to
another; to allow every one to be free in the management of his
own affairs; not to hinder any one to dispose of his services when
he please and where he please. The scenes of violence and riot
which you witnessed last year in your own country sufficiently
admonish you that America too is threatened with the audacity and
ferocity of the enemies of public order. The state of the times,
therefore, bids Catholics to labor for the tranquillity of the
commonwealth, and for this purpose to obey the laws, abhor
violence, and seek no more than equity or justice permits.
18.
Towards these objects much may be contributed by those who have
devoted themselves to writing, and in particular by those who are
engaged on the daily press. We are aware that already there labor
in this field many men of skill and experience, whose diligence
demands words of praise rather than of encouragement.
Nevertheless, since the thirst for reading and knowledge is so
vehement and widespread amongst you, and since, according to
circumstances, it can be productive either of good or evil, every
effort should be made to increase the number of intelligent and
well-disposed writers who take religion for their guide and virtue
for their constant companion. And this seems all the more
necessary in America, on account of the familiar intercourse and
intimacy between Catholics and those who are estranged from the
Catholic name, a condition of things which certainly exacts from
our people great circumspection and more than ordinary firmness.
It is necessary to instruct, admonish, strengthen and urge them on
to the pursuit of virtue and to the faithful observance, amid so
many occasions of stumbling, of their duties towards the Church.
It is, of course, the proper function of the clergy to devote
their care and energies to this great work; but the age and the
country require that journalists should be equally zealous in this
same cause and labor in it to the full extent of their powers. Let
them, however, seriously reflect that their writings, if not
positively prejudicial to religion, will surely be of slight
service to it unless in concord of minds they all seek the same
end. They who desire to be of real service to the Church, and with
their pens heartily to defend the Catholic cause, should carry on
the conflict with perfect unanimity, and, as it were, with serried
ranks, for they rather inflict than repel war if they waste their
strength by discord. In like manner their work, instead of being
profitable and fruitful, becomes injurious and disastrous whenever
they presume to call before their tribunal the decisions and acts
of bishops, and, casting off due reverence, cavil and find fault;
not perceiving how great a disturbance of order, how many evils
are thereby produced. Let them, then, be mindful of their duty,
and not overstep the proper limits of moderation. The bishops,
placed in the lofty position of authority, are to be obeyed, and
suitable honor befitting the magnitude and sanctity of their
office should be paid them. Now, this reverence, "which it is
lawful to no one to neglect," should of necessity be
eminently conspicuous and exemplary in Catholic journalists. For
journals, naturally circulating far and wide, come daily into the
hands of everybody, and exert no small influence upon the opinions
and morals of the multitude.(5)
19.
We have Ourselves, on frequent occasions, laid down many rules
respecting the duties of a good writer; many of which were
unanimously inculcated as well by the Third Council of Baltimore
as by the archbishops in their meeting at Chicago in the year
1893. Let Catholic writers, therefore, bear impressed on their
minds Our teachings on this point as well as yours; and let them
resolve that their entire method of writing shall be thereby
guided, if they indeed desire, as they ought to desire, to
discharge their duty well.
20.
Our thoughts now turn to those who dissent from us in matters of
Christian faith; and who shall deny that, with not a few of them,
dissent is a matter rather of inheritance than of will? How
solicitous We are of their salvation, with what ardor of soul We
wish that they should be at length restored to the embrace of the
Church, the common mother of all, Our Apostolic Epistle, "Praeclara,"
has in very recent times declared. Nor are we destitute of all
hope; for He is present and hath a care whom all things obey and
who laid down His life that He might "gather in one the
children of God who were dispersed." (John xi. 52).
21.
Surely we ought not to desert them nor leave them to their
fancies; but with mildness and charity draw them to us, using
every means of persuasion to induce them to examine closely every
part of the Catholic doctrine, and to free themselves from
preconceived notions. In this matter, if the first place belongs
to the bishops and clergy, the second belongs to the laity, who
have it in their power to aid the apostolic efforts of the clergy
by the probity of their morals and the integrity of their lives.
Great is the force of example; particularly with those who are
earnestly seeking the truth, and who, from a certain inborn
virtuous disposition, are striving to live an honorable and
upright life, to which class very many of your fellow-citizens
belong. If the spectacle of Christian virtues exerted the powerful
influence over the heathens blinded, as they were, by inveterate
superstition, which the records of history attest, shall we think
it powerless to eradicate error in the case of those who have been
initiated into the Christian religion?
22.
Finally, We cannot pass over in silence those whose long-continued
unhappy lot implores and demands succor from men of apostolic
zeal; We refer to the Indians and the Negroes who are to be found
within the confines of America, the greatest portion of whom have
not yet dispelled the darkness of superstition. How wide a field
for cultivation! How great a multitude of human beings to be made
partakers of the blessing derived through Jesus Christ!
23.
Meanwhile, as a presage of heavenly graces and a testimony of Our
benevolence, We most lovingly in the Lord impart to you, Venerable
Brethren, and to your clergy and people, Our Apostolic
Benediction.
Given
at Rome, at St. Peter's, on the feast of the Epiphany, the sixth
day of January, 1895, in the seventeenth year of Our Pontificate.
Endnotes:
1.
Con. Vat. Sess., iv. c. 3. | 2. Cap. Un. Extrav. Comm. De Consuet,
1. 1. | 3. S. Gregorius Epis. ad Eulog. Alex. lib. viii. ep. 30. |
4. Encyc. Arcanum. | 5. Ep. Cognita Nobis ad Archiepp, et Epp.
Provinciarum, Taurinen. Mediolanen. et Vercellen, xxv., Jan. an,
MDCCCLXXXII.
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