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Title: |
Miranda Prorsus
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Descr.: |
On The Communications Field: Motion Pictures, Radio, And Television
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Pope: |
Pope Pius XII
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Date: |
September 8, 1957
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To
Our Venerable Brethren the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops,
Bishops and Other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the
Apostolic See
INTRODUCTION
Those
very remarkable technical inventions which are the boast of the
men of our generation, though they spring from human intelligence
and industry, are nevertheless the gifts of God, Our Creator, from
Whom all good gifts proceed: "for He has not only brought
forth creatures, but sustains and fosters them once
created".(1)
Of
these inventions, some increase and multiply the strength and
power of men; others improve their conditions of life; while
others - and these particularly concern the mind - reach the mass
of the people themselves, either directly or through the pictures
and sounds they produce, and convey to them in a form easy to
understand, the news, thoughts and usages of every nation, and by
these means provide, as it were, food for the mind especially
during the hours of rest and recreation.
With
regard to this last type of invention, in our own age the greatest
impetus has been received by the arts connected with Motion
Pictures, Radio and Television.
REASONS
FOR THE CHURCH'S INTEREST
From
the time when these arts first came into use, the Church welcomed
them, not only with great joy, but also with a motherly care and
watchfulness, having in mind to protect Her children from every
danger, as they set out on this new path of progress.
This
watchful care springs from the mission She has received from the
Divine Savior Himself; for, as is clear to all, these new forms
of art exercise very great influence on the manner of thinking and
acting of individuals and of every group of men.
There
is, in addition, another reason why the Church considers a matter
of this kind to be particularly Her concern: Hers is the duty, and
for a much stronger reason than all others can claim, of
announcing a message to every man: this is the message of eternal
salvation; a message unrivalled in its richness and power, a
message, in fine, which all men of every race and every age must
accept and embrace, according to the saying of the Apostle of the
Gentiles: "To me, the least of all the saints, is given this
grace, to preach among the gentiles the unsearchable riches of
Christ, and to enlighten all men that they may see what is the
mystery which hath been hidden from eternity in God, who created
all things".(2)
PREVIOUS
PAPAL UTTERANCES
It
is therefore not surprising that they who exercise the supreme
authority of the Church, have treated of this important matter
with the intention of providing for the eternal salvation of those
who are "not redeemed with corruptible things of gold and
silver... but with the precious blood of Christ...";(3) and they have weighed carefully
all the questions with which Motion Pictures, Radio, and
Television today confront Christians.
More
than twenty years have passed since Our predecessor of happy
memory, Pius XI, making use of "the remarkable invention of
Marconi", issued the first message by Radio "to all
nations and to every creature".(4)
A
few years later, this same predecessor of Ours sent to the
Hierarchy of the United States of America that memorable
Encyclical Letter entitled Vigilanti Cura.(5) In that letter,
while giving wise principles concerning films, adapted to existing
needs, he said this: "Here is a matter for which immediate
provision is absolutely necessary: we must ensure that all
progress made, by God's favor, both in human knowledge and in
technical skill, shall in practice so serve God's glory, the
salvation of souls and the extension of Christ's kingdom, that we
all, as the Church bids us pray, may so pass through temporal
goods that we may not lose what is eternal."(6)
And
We Ourselves, in the course of Our Supreme Pontificate, have
often, when opportunity offered, dealt with this same question,
giving appropriate directives not only to Bishops, but also to
various branches of Catholic Action and to Christian educators.
And, further, We have gladly admitted to Our presence those whose
special profession it is to practice the art of the Motion
Pictures or Radio or Television. To these, after We have made
clear Our admiration for the notable progress they have achieved
in those arts, We have pointed out the obligations by which each
is bound; and at the same time, beside the great merit they have
won, We set out the dangers into which they can easily fall, and
the high ideals which ought to enlighten their minds and direct
their wills.
We
have also, as you know, taken steps to set up in the Roman Curia a
special Commission,(7) whose task it is to make careful study of
the various questions connected with Motion Pictures, Radio and
Television which touch on the Catholic Faith and Christian morals.
From this Commission, Bishops and all other interested parties can
expect to obtain appropriate directives.
Very
often We Ourselves have made use of the modern remarkable
inventions by which We can unite the worldwide flock with its
Supreme Pastor, so that Our voice, passing in sure and safe flight
over the expanse of sea and land and even over the troubled
emotions of souls, may reach men's minds with a healing influence,
in accordance with the demands of the task of the supreme
apostolate, confided to Us and today extended almost without
limit.(8)
RESULTS
OF THE PAPAL TEACHING
We
are not a little comforted since We know that the addresses on
this subject, both Our own and those of Our late predecessor of
happy memory, Pius XI, have had considerable influence in
directing the arts of Motion Pictures, Radio and Television to the
task of recalling men to the pursuit of the perfection of their
individual souls, and thus, to the promotion of God's glory.
For,
by your diligent and watchful care, Venerable Brethren, the
initiative was given to works by which an apostolate on these
lines was not only encouraged in individual dioceses and nations,
but also embraced whole peoples by means of united efforts and
plans.
Not
a few statesmen as well as those who are engaged in the
professions or in business, and most of those, Catholic and
non-Catholic alike, who attend shows of this kind, gave evidence
of their sane thinking on this important matter; and, at the cost
of trouble and even material loss, made efforts that not only the
dangerous evils should be avoided, but that the sacred
commandments of God should be obeyed and the dignity of the human
person kept safe.
Yet
We must, alas, repeat that sentence of the Apostle of the
Gentiles: "Not all obey the Gospel";(9) for, in this
matter, there are not wanting those who neither understand nor
recognize the teaching function of the Church; some even oppose it
by every possible means. They are, as you know, those who are
moved by an inordinate desire for gain; or, deceived by errors,
they do not have a balanced view on human dignity and freedom; or
finally, they give full acceptance to a false opinion about the
real meaning of art.
Though
the manner of acting of these men fills Our mind with grief, yet
We cannot fail in Our duty and turn aside from the right path; We
hope that there will be said likewise of Us, those words which His
enemies used of Our Divine Redeemer: "We know that thou art a
true speaker, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest
thou for any man".(10)
REASONS
FOR THIS LETTER
Just
as very great advantages can arise from the wonderful advances
which have been made in our day, in technical knowledge concerning
Motion Pictures, Radio and Television, so too can very great
dangers.
For
these new possessions and new instruments which are within almost
everyone's grasp, introduce a most powerful influence into men's
minds, both because they can flood them with light, raise them to
nobility, adorn them with beauty, and because they can disfigure
them by dimming their lustre, dishonor them by a process of
corruption, and make them subject to uncontrolled passions,
according as the subjects presented to the senses in these shows
are praiseworthy or reprehensible.(11)
In
the past century, advancing technical skill in the field of
business frequently had this result: machines, which ought to
serve men, when brought into use, rather reduced them to a state
of slavery and caused grievous harm. Likewise today, unless the
mounting development of technical skill, applied to the diffusion
of pictures, sounds and ideas, is subjected to the sweet yoke of
the law of Christ,(12) it can be the source of countless evils,
which appear to be all the more serious, because not only material
forces but also the mind are unhappily enslaved, and man's
inventions are, to that extent, deprived of those advantages
which, in the design of God's Providence, ought to be their
primary purpose.(13)
Consequently,
since We, as a father, have daily pondered with ever greater
anxiety, the essential nature of this problem and have considered
the salutary benefits - so far as films are concerned - which have
resulted during more than two decades from the Encyclical Letter
Vigilanti cura, yielding to the petitions of the Bishops and those
laymen who make a study of these arts, We wish by this letter to
give directives and instructions with regard to both sound
broadcasting and television.
Therefore,
after We have made earnest prayer to God, and sought the help of
His Virgin Mother, We address you, Venerable Brethren, whose wise
pastoral care is well known to Us, with a view not only to setting
forth clearly the Christian doctrine in this matter, but to
undertaking suitable plans and initiatives. And so, with all the
force at Our command, We desire to impress upon you how the flock,
committed to the care of each one, should be protected against any
errors and harm from whatever source, which the use of the arts
under discussion can introduce - with serious risk - to the
practices of Christian life.
1.
GENERAL INSTRUCTION
PUBLICIZING
CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE
We
are aware that each of these three arts of the Motion Pictures,
Radio and Television, in fostering the development of mind and
spirit, sets its own special problems to be solved in the field
not only of the arts, but of technology and economics. But before
We deal with the particular questions affecting each, We think it
right to outline briefly the principles which concern the
diffusion to the greatest possible extent, of the benefits which
are destined both for human society in general and for individual
citizens.
THE
"GOOD SEED"
Since
God is the supreme Good, He at all times pours out His gifts on
men who are objects of His special loving care. Of these gifts,
some are to assist the material life on earth, but others concern
the spirit; and, clearly, the former are subject to the latter in
much the same way as the body should be subject to the soul with
which, before God can communicate Himself by the beatific vision,
He is united by faith and charity which "is poured forth in
our hearts by the Holy Ghost who is given to us".(14)
And
further, since He longs to see in man the image of His own
perfection, (15) He even wills him to be made a sharer in this
supreme generosity, and has linked him with His own activity as
the proclaimer of those good tidings, making him become their
donor and dispenser to his brethren and to the whole human race.
From the beginning of time, it has been man's natural and normal
tendency to share with others the treasures of his mind by means
of symbols whereby he daily tried to develop a more perfect means
of expressing his material problems. Thus, from the drawings and
inscriptions of the most ancient times down to the latest
technical devices, all instruments of human communication
inevitably have as their aim the lofty purpose of revealing men as
in some way the assistants of God.
Hence,
in order that the plan of God's Providence may be put more surely
and fruitfully into effect, by virtue of Our Apostolic authority,
We constituted, in an Apostolic Letter (16) "the Archangel
Gabriel, who brought to the human race the long-desired news of
man's Redemption, heavenly patron" of those arts by which men
can employ electrical forces to transcribe words at very great
speed to others at a distance, can hold converse from places
widely apart, send messages by wireless, and view pictures of
objects and events brought before them as if they were immediate
spectators, though they are, in fact, far away.(17) For, when We
made choice of this heavenly patron, it was Our intention that all
employed in these arts might fully understand the nobility of the
task entrusted to them, for into their hands have been placed
these useful instruments by which the priceless treasures of God
may be spread among men like good seed which bring forth fruits of
truth and goodness.
"EVIL
SEED"
For
as We consider those honorable and lofty purposes to which this
technical skill should be directed, the question presents itself:
why do these same arts sometimes become the means, and, as it
were, the paths leading to evil? "Whence then hath it
cockle?"(18)
All
evil, of course, which is opposed to right moral principles,
cannot have its origin in God, Who is complete and absolute Good;
nor does it come from the techniques themselves, which are His
precious gifts. It can be only from the fact that man, endowed as
he is with free will, can abuse those gifts, namely, by committing
and multiplying evil, and thus associating himself with God's
enemy, the prince of darkness: "An enemy hath done
this".(19) Consequently true human liberty demands that we
use, and share with others, all these resources which can
contribute to the strengthening and perfecting of our nature.
TRUE
FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION
But
since the Church is the teacher of the doctrine which leads to
salvation, and has all that is necessary for the attainment of
holiness, She is exercising an inviolable right when She teaches
what has been committed to Her by divine command. It ought to be
the duty of all public officials to recognize this sacred right,
with the result that She should be given ready access to those
arts by which She may spread truth and virtue.
Indeed,
all true and active sons of the Church, since they recognize the
priceless gift of the Redemption, are bidden to ensure, to the
extent of their power, that the Church may use these technical
discoveries in so far as they may assist the sanctification of
souls.
Yet
when We assert and claim these rights for the Church, it is not
Our desire to deny to the State the right of spreading by the same
means, that news and those teachings which are really necessary or
useful for the common good of human society.
And
further, let it be permitted even to individual citizens - due
regard being paid to actual circumstances and the safeguarding of
principles which promote the common good - to contribute according
to their capacity to the enriching and development of their own
and others' intellectual and spiritual culture.
ERRORS
CONCERNING FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION
Contrary,
however, to Christian teaching and the principal end of these arts
is the will and intention of those who desire to use these
inventions exclusively for the advancement and propagation of
political measures or to achieve economic ends, and who treat Our
noble aim as if it were a mere business transaction.
In
like manner, approval cannot be given to the false principles of
those who assert and claim freedom to depict and propagate
anything at all, even though there has been established beyond
dispute in these past years both the kind and the extent of the
damage to both bodies and souls which has had its source in these
principles. There is no question here of the true liberty of which
We have spoken above, but rather of an uncontrolled freedom, which
disregards all precautions, of communicating with others anything
at all, even though it be contrary to sound morals and can result
in serious danger to souls.
The
Church encourages and supports everything which truly concerns a
fuller enrichment of the mind - for She is the patron and
foster-mother of human knowledge and the noble arts; therefore She
cannot permit the violation of those principles and laws which
direct and govern man in his path to God, his final end. Let no
one, then, be surprised if, in this matter, where many
reservations are necessary, the Church acts with due thought and
discretion, according to that saying of the Apostle: "But
prove all things: hold fast that which is good. From all
appearance of evil refrain yourselves".(20)
Those,
therefore, are certainly to be blamed who openly declare that
public communication of matters which impede, or are directly
opposed to, principles of morality, should be encouraged and
carried out so long as the method is in accord with the laws of
the liberal or technical arts. In a short discourse, on the
occasion of the fifth centenary of the death of Fra Angelico, We
recalled to the minds of Our hearers that "it is true that an
explicitly moral or religious function is not demanded of art as
art"; but "if artistic expression gives publicity to
false, empty and confused forms, - those not in harmony with the
Creator's design; if, rather than lifting mind and heart to noble
sentiments, it stirs the baser passions, it might, perhaps, find
welcome among some people, but only by nature of its novelty, a
quality not always of value and with but slight content of that
reality which is possessed by every type of human expression. But
such an art would degrade itself, denying its primary and
essential element: it would not be universal and perennial as is
the human spirit to which it is addressed".(21)
COMPETENCE
OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY AND OF THE ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY
Beyond
all doubt, public administrators are strictly bound to be watchful
over these modern arts also: nor should they look on this matter
from a merely political standpoint, but also from that of public
morals, the sure foundation of which rests on the Natural Law,
which, inspired testimony assures us, is written in our
hearts.(22)
It
cannot be asserted that this watchful care of the State's
officials is an unfair limitation on the liberty of individual
citizens, for it is concerned with, not the private citizen as
such, but rather the whole of human society with whom these arts
are being shared.
"We
are well aware", as We have already said on another occasion,
"that there is a widespread opinion among men of our time who
are unreasonably intolerant of the intervention of public
authority, that censorship is to be preferred which comes directly
from the Industry itself";(23) but though the persons
professionally engaged in these arts can, in a praiseworthy
manner, support the action of public officials and render
ineffective the evils which can easily damage true morality, yet
those rules and safeguards which issue from the former ought in no
way to be opposed to the serious duty of the latter.
Hence,
both Our late predecessor and We Ourselves readily praised those
who, in accordance with the task committed to them in this sphere,
published suitable safeguards and rules without in any way
prejudicing what belongs to the competence of public authority.
For We think that, then only can these new arts make their proper
and natural contribution to the right fashioning of the minds of
those who use them, if the Church, the State, and those engaged in
these professions, pooling their resources in an orderly way,
cooperate with each other to secure the desired end; if the
opposite happens, i. e. if these arts, without set laws or any
moral safeguards, embark on a downward and uninhibited path, they
will certainly restrict the people's true development and weaken
their morals.
SIGHT
AND SOUND COMMUNICATION
Among
the various technical arts which transmit the ideas of men, those
occupy a special place today, as We said, which communicate as
widely as possible news of all kinds to ears and eyes by means of
sounds and pictures.
This
manner of spreading pictures and sounds, so far as the spirit is
concerned, is supremely adapted to the nature of men, as Aquinas
says: "But it is natural to man to come to things of the
understanding through things of sense; for all our knowledge has
its origin in a sense".(24) Indeed, the sense of sight, as
being more noble and more honorable than other senses,(25) more
easily leads to a knowledge of spiritual things.
Therefore,
the three chief technical methods of telecommunication, i. e.
those of the Motion Pictures, Radio and Television, deal not only
with men's recreation and leisure - though many who
"listen-in" and view, seek this alone, - but especially
with the propagation of those subjects which, while aiding both
mental culture and spiritual growth, can powerfully contribute to
the right training and shaping of the civil society of our times.
Much
more easily than by printed books, these technical arts can
assuredly provide opportunities for men to meet and unite in
common effort; and, since this purpose is essentially connected
with the advancement of the civilization of all peoples, the
Catholic Church - which, by the charge committed to it, embraces
the whole human race - desires to turn it to the extension and
furthering of benefits worthy of the name.
Indeed,
this should be the first aim of the arts of the Motion Pictures,
Radio and Television: to serve truth and virtue.
IN
THE SERVICE OF TRUTH AND VIRTUE
Let
them be at the service of truth in such a way that the bonds
between peoples may become yet closer; that they may have a more
respectful understanding of each other; that they may assist each
other in any crisis: that, finally, there may be real cooperative
effort between the State officials and the individual citizens.
To
be at the service of the truth demands not only that all refrain
from error, from lies, from deceit of all kinds, but also that
they shun everything that can encourage a manner of living and
acting which is false, imperfect, or harmful to another party.
But
above all, let the truths, handed down by God's revelation, be
held sacred and inviolable. Rather, why should not these noble
arts strive particularly to this end, that they spread the
teaching of God and of His Son, Jesus Christ, "and instill
into minds that Christian truth which alone can provide the
strength from above to the mass of men, aided by which they may be
able with calmness and courage, to overcome the crises and endure
the severe trials of the age in which we now live?" (26)
Moreover,
these new arts should not only serve the truth, but also the
perfecting of human life and morals. Let them make an active
contribution to this in the three ways We are now going to write
about: namely, in the news published, in the instruction imparted,
in the shows presented.
NEWS
News
of any event, even if nothing but the bare fact is related, has
yet an aspect of its own which concerns morality in some way.
"This aspect, affecting human morals, must never be neglected; for news of any kind provokes a mental judgment and influences
the will. The news-reader who worthily fulfils his task, should
crush no one by his words, but try rather to understand and
explain as best he can, the disasters reported and the crimes
committed. To explain is not necessarily to excuse; but it is to
suggest the beginning of a remedy, and consequently, to perform a
task at once positive and constructive".(27)
INSTRUCTION
What
We have just written has doubtless more force when it is a
question of imparting instructions; documentary films, radio
broadcasts, and television for schools provide ideas and open up
new possibilities here, not only with regard to those who are
still young, but also with regard to those of mature years. Yet
every precaution must be taken that the instructions given are in
no way contrary to the Church's teaching and its sacred rights, or
impede or frustrate the proper duty of educating the young within
the home circle.
Similarly,
it is to be hoped that these new arts of publicity, whether
exercised by private citizens or controlled by rulers of states,
will not spread doctrines while suppressing all mention of God's
name and taking no account of His divine law.
However,
We are fully aware, alas, that in some nations amid which
atheistic Communism is rampant, these methods of telecommunication
are directed in the schools to root out all religious ideas from
the mind. Indeed, anyone who considers this situation calmly and
without prejudice, cannot fail to see that the consciences of
children and youths, deprived of divine truth, are being oppressed
in a new and subtle way, since they are unable to learn that truth
revealed by God, which, as our Redeemer declared, makes us
free;(28) and that by this cunning method a new attack is being
made on religion.
But
We earnestly desire, Venerable Brethren, that these technical
instruments, by which eyes and ears are easily and pleasantly
attracted to events happening far away, should be employed to a
particular end, namely, to provide men with a broader cultural
background in the knowledge necessary for the fulfillment of their
duties, and above all, in Christian principles. If these
principles are neglected, there can be no progress worthy of the
name, even in merely human matters.(29) We desire, therefore, to
pay due tribute of praise to all those who, whether by films or
sound broadcasting or television shows, direct their efforts
towards this most honorable goal.
SHOWS
Further,
it must be noted that, apart from the published news and the
instructions delivered, these new arts can contribute considerably
towards the true good of men by shows as well.
The
programs have generally something which has reference not only to
entertaining men and giving them news, but also to the training of
their minds. With complete justice, then, Our predecessor of happy
memory, Pius XI, called the film theatres the "schools of
events";(30) for they can be called schools in this sense,
that the dramatic plot is joined with scenes in which the vivid
pictures which are portrayed by the moving light, are synchronized
with sounds of voices and music in a most fascinating manner, with
the result that they reach not only the intelligence and other
faculties, but the whole man, and, in some way, link him to
themselves, and seem to sweep him into a participation in the plot
presented.
Although
the arts of the Motion Pictures, Radio and Television include, in
some fashion, various types of spectacle already long in use, yet
each expresses a new product, and thus a new kind of spectacle
which is aimed not at a few chosen spectators, but at vast throngs
of men, who differ among themselves in age, way of life and
culture.
MASS
EDUCATION
In
order, then, that, in such conditions, shows of this kind may be
able to pursue their proper object, it is essential that the minds
and inclinations of the spectators be rightly trained and
educated, so that they may not only understand the form proper to
each of the arts, but also be guided, especially in this matter,
by a right conscience. Thus they will be enabled to practice
mature consideration and judgment on the various items which the
film or television screen puts before them, and not, as very
frequently happens, be lured and arbitrarily swept away by the
power of their attraction.
If
there is lacking this mental training and formation, enlightened
by Christian teaching, then neither reasonable pleasures which
"everyone readily admits are necessary for all who are
involved in the business and troubles of life",(31) nor the
progress of mental development can be kept safe.
The
sound policy of Catholics who have encouraged, especially in
recent years, the need to educate the spectators in this way, is
most praiseworthy; and several plans have been launched which aim
at making both youths and grown-ups willing to examine adequately
and competently the benefits and the dangers of these shows, and
give a balanced decision on them. This, however, should not
provide an excuse for attending shows which are contrary to right
morals; rather, it ought to lead to pointing out and choosing
those only which are in accord with the Church's commandments on
the grounds of religion and of the moral law, and which follow the
instructions issued by the ecclesiastical Offices in this matter.
Provided
these plans, in accordance with Our hopes, correspond to
pedagogical principles and right rules of mental development, We
not only give them Our approval, but also heartily commend them;
and thus We desire them to be introduced into every type of
school, Catholic Action groups, and parish societies.
Right
training and education of the spectators in this fashion will
ensure, on the one hand, a lessening of the dangers which can
threaten harm to morals; and, on the other hand, permit
Christians, through the new knowledge they acquire, to raise their
minds to a contemplation of heavenly truths.
While
speaking on this point, We desire to praise in a particular manner
those preachers of the divine word who make right use also of the
means provided by Motion Pictures, Radio and Television to this
end. They are aware that they are in duty bound to preserve the
integrity of morals of those peoples to whom they minister and
lead towards the path of truth; and thus they share with them the
genuinely salutary benefits and inventions which our times have
introduced. We therefore desire that those who wield authority,
either in Church or State, should in a special way support the
activity and enterprise of these preachers.
ENTERTAINMENTS
FOR YOUTH
Yet
it must be noticed that, in exercising control in this matter, the
right training and education of the spectators, of which We have
spoken, is not in itself sufficient. Each of the shows must be
suited and adapted to the degree of intelligence of each age, the
strength of their emotional and imaginative response, and the
condition of their morals.
This,
indeed, assumes a very great importance because sound radio and
television shows, since they easily penetrate right into the
domestic circle, threaten to undermine the protective barriers by
which the education of the young must be kept safe and sound until
such time as advancing age gives the necessary strength to enable
them to overcome the buffetings of the world. For this reason,
three years ago, We wrote thus to the Bishops of Italy:
"Should we not shudder if we reflect attentively that by
means of television shows, even within home surroundings all can
inhale that poisoned air of "materialistic" doctrines
which diffuse notions of empty pleasures and desires of all kinds,
in the same way as they did over and over again in cinema
halls?"(32)
We
are aware of the initiatives which have been encouraged not only
by public authorities but also by private groups who are engaged
in the education of youth; We mean those undertakings and plans by
which they make every possible effort to withdraw young people
from those shows which are unsuited to their age, though they are
too often being attended, with resulting serious harm. Whatever is
being done in this praiseworthy cause, We heartily approve; yet it
must be noticed that, even more than the physiological and
psychological disturbances which can arise therefrom, those
dangers must be guarded against which affect the morals of youth,
and which, unless turned aside and forbidden in due season, can
greatly contribute to the damage and overthrow of human society
itself.
Concerning
this matter, We make a father's appeal to the young so dear to Us,
trusting that - since it is a question of entertainment in which
their innocence can be exposed to danger - they will be
outstanding for their Christian restraint and prudence. It is
their grave obligation to check and control that natural and
unrestrained eagerness to see and hear anything; and they must
keep their mind free from immodest and earthly pleasures and
direct it to higher things.
THE
WORK OF THE CHURCH - NATIONAL OFFICES
Since
the Church knows well that, from these new arts which directly
affect the eye and ear, very many benefits as well as very many
evils and dangers can arise, according as men make use of them,
She desires to perform her duty in this matter also - in so far as
it concerns directly, not culture in general, but religion in
particular and the direction and control of morals.(33)
With
a view to carrying out this task more fittingly and easily, Our
predecessor of immortal memory, Pius XI, declared and proclaimed
that "it is absolutely essential for Bishops to set up a
permanent National Office of supervision whose business it would
be to encourage decent films, but to give to others a recognized
classification, and then to publish their judgment and make it
known to priests and faithful";(34) and that it was
necessary, he added, that all Catholic initiative with regard to
the Motion Pictures be directed to an honorable end.
In
several countries, the Bishops, with these directives before their
eyes, decided to set up Offices of this kind not only for matters
connected with Motion Pictures, but also for Radio and Television.
As
We consider, then, the spiritual advantages which can spring from
these technical arts, together with the need to protect the
integrity of Christian morals which such entertainments can easily
endanger, We desire that, in every country, if the Offices
referred to do not already exist, they be established without
delay; these are to be entrusted to men skilled in the use of
these arts, with some priest, chosen by the Bishops, as adviser.
Moreover,
Venerable Brethren, We urge that in each country, these Offices
dealing with Motion Pictures, or Radio or Television should depend
on one and the same Committee, or at least, act in close
cooperation. At the same time, We urge the faithful, particularly
those who are vigorous members of Catholic Action, to be suitably
instructed so that they may perceive the need to give willingly to
these Offices their united and effective support.
And
since there are a number of questions on this subject not capable
of easy explanation and solution in individual countries, it will
certainly be very useful if the National Offices of each country
unite into an International Association to which this Holy See,
after due consideration, will be able to give approval.
We
have no doubt, Venerable Brethren, that you will produce fruitful
and salutary results from what you will do, at some cost in toil
and inconvenience, to obey these directives. But the result will
be more easily and aptly attained if the particular rules, which
We are going to set out in the course of this Encyclical Letter
with regard to the Motion Pictures, Radio and Television
separately considered, are carefully put into practice.
2.
MOTION PICTURES
Motion
Pictures, which came into existence some sixty years ago, must
today be numbered among the most important means by which the
ideas and discoveries of our times can be made known. Concerning
their various processes and their power of attraction, We have,
when occasion offered, already spoken.(35) Out of this growth,
particularly in the case of films which reproduce a definite story
expressed in a vivid manner by pictures and sounds, there has also
sprung up a great industry in which not only craftsmen, laborers
and technicians, but also financial groups unite their activities;
for private individuals cannot easily carry through such an
extensive and complex operation. Hence, in order that the cinema
may remain a worthy instrument by which men can be guided towards
salvation, raised to higher things, and become really better,(36)
it is absolutely necessary for each of those groups just referred
to, exercising a true sense of responsibility, to cooperate
readily with each other to produce and distribute films which can
win approval.
To
all those who practice vigilance and act intelligently concerning
film shows, We have already more than once made clear the
seriousness of the subject, while exhorting them to produce, in
particular, the kind of "ideal film" which can certainly
contribute to a well-balanced education.(37)
Do
you, Venerable Brethren, take a special interest in seeing that,
through the individual National Offices, which must be subject to
your authority, and about which We have written above, there shall
be imparted to the various classes of interested citizens
information on the matters to be viewed, - the advice and the
directives by which, in accordance with the different times and
circumstances, this most noble art, which can so much help the
good of souls, may be as far as possible advanced.
FILM
CLASSIFICATION
For
this purpose, "let tables or lists be composed and printed in
a definite arrangement, in which films distributed will, as
frequently as possible, be listed so as to come to the notice of
all";(38) and let this be done by a Committee of reliable
men, which will depend on each of your National Offices. These
men, of course, should be outstanding for their doctrine and
practical prudence since they have to pass judgment on each film
according to the rules of Christian morality.
We
most earnestly exhort the members of this Committee to devote in a
suitable manner to these topics, deep and prolonged study and
devout prayer; for they have to deal with a most important matter
which is closely bound up with the Christian concept of life, and
consequently, they must have a sound knowledge of that power which
is exerted by the cinema, and which varies according to the
different circumstances of the spectators.
As
often as they have to judge the moral aspect of a cinema program,
they should attentively revise within themselves those directives
already many times given by Us, as occasion offered; and
particularly when We spoke of the "ideal film", of the
points which concern religion, and at the same time of
representation of evil deeds: it should never ignore or be opposed
to human dignity, to the modesty of the home surroundings, to
holiness of life, to the Church of Jesus Christ, to human and
civil types of association.
Moreover,
let them remember that the task allowed to them of classifying and
passing judgment on each film program, aims especially at giving
clear and appropriate guidance to public opinion, with the
intention of leading all to value highly the rules and principles
of morality, without which the right development of minds and true
civilization become meaningless terms. Unquestionably, therefore,
one must repudiate the manner of acting of those who, from
excessive indulgence, admit films which, for all their technical
brilliance, nevertheless offend right morals; or, though they
appear on the surface to conform to the moral laws, yet contain
something which is contrary to the Catholic Faith.
But
if they have clearly and publicly indicated which films can be
seen by all, by the young, by adults; and those, on the other
hand, which are a moral danger to the spectators; and finally,
those which are entirely bad and harmful, then each will be able
to attend those films only, from which "they will come out
with minds happier, freer and better";(39) and they will be
able to avoid those which can be harmful to them, and doubly so,
of course, when they will have been a means of gain for
traffickers in evil things, and given bad example to others.
Repeating
the timely instructions which Our predecessor of happy memory,
Pius XI, published in his Encyclical Letter, entitled Vigilanti
Cura,(40) We earnestly desire that Christians be not only warned
with care, as frequently as possible, on this topic, but that they
fulfil the grave obligation of acquainting themselves with the
decisions issued by Ecclesiastical Authority on matters connected
with Motion Pictures, and of faithfully obeying them. The Bishops,
if they deem it appropriate, will be able to set aside a special
day each year devoted to this matter, on which the faithful will
be carefully instructed concerning their duty, particularly with
regard to Film shows, and urged to offer earnest prayers to God
about the same.
To
make it easy for all to be familiar with these decisions and to
obey them, these directives, together with a short commentary on
them, must be published at some suitable time, and distributed as
widely as possible.
FILM
CRITICISM
To
this end, Catholic Film critics can have much influence; they
ought to set the moral issue of the plots in its proper light,
defending those judgments which will act as a safeguard against
falling into so-called "relative morality", or the
overthrow of that right order in which the lesser issues yield
place to the more important.
Quite
wrong, therefore, is the action of writers in daily papers and in
reviews, claiming to be Catholic, if, when dealing with shows of
this kind, they do not instruct their readers concerning the moral
position to be adopted.
THEATRE
MANAGERS
There
is a duty of conscience binding the spectators who, each time they
buy a ticket of admission, - as it were casting a vote - make
choice of good or bad motion pictures; a similar duty, and even
more so, binds those who manage movie theatres or distribute the
films.
We
are well aware of the magnitude of the difficulties which today
confront those engaged in the Motion Picture industry because of -
in addition to other considerations - the great increase in the
use of television. Yet, even when confronted by these difficult
circumstances, they must remember that they are forbidden in
conscience to present film programs which are contrary to the
Faith and sound morals, or to enter into contracts by which they
are forced to present shows of this kind. But since in many
countries, men engaged in this industry have bound themselves not
to exhibit, for any consideration, film programs which might be
harmful or evil, We trust that the excellent initiative will
spread to all parts of the world, and that no Catholic in cinema
management will hesitate to follow such sane and salutary
proposals.
We
must also utter a vigorous warning against the display of
commercial posters which ensnare or give scandal, even though, as
sometimes happens, such publicity refers to decent films.
"Who can say what harm is wrought in minds, especially of the
young, by these pictures, what base thoughts and impure pleasures
are aroused, how much they contribute to the corruption of public
morals with consequent damage to the well-being of the State
itself?" (41)
CATHOLIC
HALLS
Consequently,
in cinema halls subject to ecclesiastical authority, since there
have to be provided for the faithful, and particularly for the
young, shows which are suitable to upright training and in keeping
with the surroundings, it is clear that only those films may be
exhibited which are entirely beyond reproach.
Let
the Bishops, keeping a watchful eye on these halls, - including
those of exempt religious, - to which the public has access, warn
all ecclesiastics on whom the responsibility falls, to observe
faithfully and exactly the rules laid down in these matters, and
let them not be too much taken up with their personal advantage if
they wish to play their part in this ministry which the Holy See
considers of the highest importance. We especially advise those
who control these Catholic halls, to group themselves together -
as, with Our full approval and consent, has been done in a number
of places - the more effectively to put into practice the
recommendations of the respective National Offices, and support
common advantages and policies.
FILM
DISTRIBUTORS
The
counsel which We have given to theatre managers We wish to apply
also to the distributors who, since they sometimes contribute
financially to the making of the actual films, have obviously a
greater opportunity and, consequently, are bound by a more serious
obligation, of giving their support to reputable films. For
distribution cannot be in any sense reckoned as a technical
function of the business, since films - as We have often stated -
are not only to be regarded as articles for sale, but also, and
this is more important, to be considered as food for the mind and,
as it were, a means of spiritual and moral training for the
ordinary people. So distributors and hirers share to the same
degree in merit and responsibility according as something good or
evil results from the screen.
ACTORS
Since,
therefore, there is question of bringing the Motion Picture
industry into line with sounder policies, that is no slight
responsibility which rests on the actors; they, indeed,
remembering their dignity as human beings and as experienced
artists, should know that they are not permitted to lend their
talents to parts in plays, or to be connected with the making of
films, which are contrary to sound morals. But an actor, having
gained a famous name by his talent and skill, ought to use that
renown which he has justly won in such a way that he inspires the
mind of the public with noble sentiments; in particular, he should
remember to give a notable example of virtue to others in his
private life. When addressing professional actors on one occasion
in the past, We made this assertion: "Everyone can see that,
in the presence of a throng of people listening open-mouthed to
your words, applauding and shouting, your own feelings are stirred
and filled with a certain joy and exaltation".(42) But if it
can be said that someone is fully justified in feeling these
emotions, yet it does not follow that Christian actors may accept
from their audience expressions of praise which savour of a type
of idolatry, since, in this case also, Our Savior's words apply:
"So let your light shine before men, that they may see your
good works, and glorify your Father Who is in heaven".(43)
PRODUCERS
AND DIRECTORS
But
the heaviest responsibility - though for a different reason -
falls on the directors and producers. The awareness of this burden
is not an obstacle to noble undertakings, but rather ought to
strengthen the minds of those who, endowed with good will, are
influential by reason of their money or natural talent in the
production of films. In addition, it often happens that film
producers and directors meet a serious difficulty when the
circumstances and demands of their art come into contact with the
precepts of religion and the moral law. In that case, before the
film is printed, or while it is being produced, some competent
advice should be sought and a sound plan adopted to provide for
both the spiritual good of the spectators and the perfection of
the work itself. Let these men not hesitate to consult the local
established Catholic Motion Pictures Office, which will readily
come to their assistance by delegating some qualified
ecclesiastical adviser to look after the business, should this be
necessary, and so long as due precautions are observed.
And
the result of this confidence which they place in the Church, will
not be a lessening of their authority or popularity; "for the
Faith, until the end of time, will be the bulwark of the human
person"(44) and in the production of the works themselves,
the human person will be enriched and perfected in the light of
Christian teaching and correct moral principles.
Nevertheless,
ecclesiastics are not permitted to offer their cooperation to film
directors without the express consent of their superiors, since,
obviously, to give sound advice in this matter, special excellence
in the art and a more than ordinary training are essential, and a
decision on these cannot be left to the whim of individuals.
We
therefore give a fatherly warning to Catholic film directors and
producers, not to permit films to be made which are opposed to the
Faith or Christian morals; but if, - which God forbid - this
should happen, it is the duty of the Bishops to admonish them,
and, if necessary, to impose appropriate sanctions.
But
We are convinced that, to bring the Motion Pictures to the heights
of the "ideal film", nothing is more effective than for
those engaged in film production to act in conformity with the
commandments of Christian law.
Let
those responsible for making films approach the sources from which
all the highest gifts flow, let them master the Gospel teaching,
and make themselves familiar with the Church's traditional
doctrine on the certainties of life, on happiness and virtue, on
sorrow and sin, on body and soul, on social problems and human
desires; they will then obtain new and excellent plots which they
may adopt, and they will feel themselves inspired by a fresh
enthusiasm to produce works of lasting value.
Those
initiatives and practices, therefore, must be encouraged and
extended by which their spiritual life is nourished, and given
strength and development; but particular attention must here be
paid to the Christian training of those young people who are
planning to enter the cinema world professionally.
To
conclude these instructions with regard to the Motion Pictures, We
urge State officials not on any account to lend support to the
production or making available of films of a low type, but, by
establishing suitable regulations, to lend their aid to the
providing of decent film programs which can be commended,
particularly when they are intended for youth. When such large
sums are being spent on public education, let them direct their
attention to this also: that reasonable assistance be given to
this matter, which is essentially a part of education.
But
since in certain countries, and also in international festivals,
prizes are established and rightly awarded to those films which
are recommended for their educative and spiritual value, We trust
that all good and prudent men, following Our counsels, will strive
to ensure that the applause and approval of the general public
will not be wanting, as a prize for really worthwhile films.
3.
RADIO
No
less carefully do We desire to express to you, Venerable Brethren,
the anxiety which besets Us with regard to that other means of
communication which was introduced at the same period as the
cinema: We refer to Radio.
Though
it is not endowed to anything like the same extent with scenic
properties and other advantages of time and place, as is the
cinema industry, sound radio has yet other advantages, not all of
which have yet been exploited.
For,
as We said to the members and directors of a broadcasting company,
"this method of communication is such that it is, as it were,
detached from and unrestricted by conditions of place and time
which block or delay all other methods of communication between
men. On a kind of winged flight much swifter than sound waves,
with the speed of light, it passes in a moment over all frontiers,
and delivers the news committed to it".(45)
Brought
to almost complete perfection by new inventions, wireless
telegraphy brings outstanding advantages to technical processes,
since, by means of a ray, pilotless machines may be directed to a
determined place. But We rightly think that the most excellent
function which falls to Radio is this: to enlighten and instruct
men, and to direct their minds and hearts towards higher and
spiritual things.
But
there is in men, though they may be within their own homes, a deep
desire to listen to other men, to obtain knowledge of events
happening far away, and to share in aspects of the social and
cultural life of others.
Hence
it is not remarkable that a very large number of houses have,
within a short period of time, been equipped with receiving sets,
by which, as it were through secret windows opening on to the
world, contact is made night and day with the active life of men
of different civilizations, languages and races. This is brought
about by the countless wireless programs which cover news,
interviews, talks, and items conveying useful and pleasant
information derived from public events, the arts, singing, and
orchestral music.
For
as We said recently, "how great is the advantage enjoyed, how
great the responsibility laid on men of the present day, and how
great the changes from times gone by when instruction in truth,
commandments of brotherly love, promises of everlasting happiness,
came slowly to men through the Apostles, treading the rough paths
of that former age; whereas, in our day, the divine message can be
conveyed to tens and hundreds of thousands of men at one and the
some time".(46)
It
befits Catholics, then, to make use of this privilege of our day,
and to draw extensively from the rich fund of doctrine,
recreation, art and also of the divine Word, which sound
broadcasting brings to them, since they can thus increase and
widen their range of interests.
Everyone
knows what a great contribution good radio programs can make to
sound education; yet from the use of this instrument there arises
an obligation in conscience as in the other technical arts, since
it can be employed to achieve good or evil. Those words, then,
written in Scripture, can be applied to the art of Radio: "By
it we bless God and the Father; and by it we curse men, who are
made after the likeness of God. Out of the same mouth proceed
blessing and cursing".(47)
DUTY
OF THE LISTENER
The
first duty of the radio listener is that of choosing carefully and
deliberately from the programs offered; these must not be
permitted to enter the home indiscriminately, but access should be
given them on the same principles as are observed in a deliberate
and prudent invitation to a friend. A person would act wrongly if
he made no selection in introducing friends into his home. So
radio programs which are given entrance there, must be such as
encourage truth and goodness, and do not draw members of the
family away from the fulfillment of their duty, whether to
individuals or to society; they should be such as strengthen them
to carry out these duties properly, and, in the case of children
and youths, cause no harm, but rather assist and extend the
salutary control of parents and teachers.
Let
the Catholic Offices for Radio set up in each country, making use
of Catholic daily papers and reviews, endeavor to inform the
faithful beforehand on the nature and value of the programs. It
will not always be possible to give such advance notice; and
often, these will only be summary views, where the content of the
program cannot be known easily beforehand.
Parish
priests should warn their flocks that they are forbidden by divine
law to listen to radio programs which are dangerous to their Faith
or morals, and they should exhort those engaged in the training of
youth, to be on the watch and to instill religious principles with
regard to the use of radio sets installed in the home.
Moreover,
it is the duty of the Bishops to call on the faithful to refrain
from listening to stations which are known to broadcast a defense
of matter formally opposed to the Catholic Faith.
Another
duty which binds listeners, is to make known to the directors of
the programs their wishes and justifiable criticism. This
obligation arises clearly from the nature of sound radio, which is
such that a wholly one-sided policy may come into existence,
namely, that directed by the speaker to the listener. Although
those systems of surveying public opinion, which are increasing in
these days, to find out the degree of interest aroused in the
listeners by each program, are doubtless useful to those who
direct the programs, yet it can happen that popular appreciation,
more or less vigorously expressed, can be attributed to trivial or
transient causes, or to enthusiasms with no rational basis, so
that a judgment of this kind cannot be taken as a sure guide for
action.
That
being the case, radio listeners ought to rouse themselves to
obtain a well-balanced opinion among the general public, by which,
while observing proper methods, these programs are - according to
their merits - approved, supported, rebuked, thus bringing it
about that the art of Radio, considered as a method of education,
"may serve the truth, good morals, justice and
love".(48)
To
bring about this effect is the task of all Catholic societies
which are zealous for securing the good of Christians in this
matter. But in those countries where local circumstances suggest
it, groups of listeners or viewers can be organized for this
purpose, under the supervision of the National Motion Pictures,
Radio and Television Offices established in each country.
Finally,
let listeners to the Radio be aware that they are obliged to
encourage reputable programs, and particularly those by which the
mind is directed towards God. In this age in particular, when
false and pernicious doctrines are being spread over the air,
when, by deliberate "jamming", a kind of aerial
"iron curtain" is being created with the express purpose
of preventing the entry of truth which would overthrow the empire
of atheistic materialism, in this age, We say, when hundreds of
thousands of the human race are still looking for the dawning
light of the Gospel message, when the sick and others likewise
handicapped look forward anxiously to taking part in some manner
in the prayers and the ceremonies of the Mass of the Christian
community, should not the faithful, especially those who make
daily use of the advantages of the Radio, show themselves eager to
encourage programs of this kind?
RELIGIOUS
PROGRAMS
We
are fully aware of the effort already made in some countries, and
now being made, to increase the Catholic programs from Radio
stations. Many, from among both clergy and laity, have been in the
front of the fight, and by vigorous exertions, have secured for
religious radio programs a place befitting divine worship, which
is more important than all human affairs taken together.
But
in the meantime, while We ponder to what extent Radio can assist
the work of the sacred ministry, and while We are moved strongly
by the command of our Divine Redeemer, "Going into the whole
world, preach the Gospel to every creature", (49) We feel We
must exhort you paternally, Venerable Brethren, to strive -
according to the need and resources of your respective localities
- to increase in number and make more effective programs dealing
with Catholic affairs.
Since
a properly dignified presentation of liturgical ceremonies, of the
truths of the Catholic Faith, and of events connected with the
Church, by means of Radio, obviously demands considerable talent
and skill, it is essential that both priests and laymen who are
selected for so important an activity should be well trained in
suitable methods.
This
end would clearly be assisted if, in countries where Catholics
employ the latest radio equipment and have day-today experience,
appropriate study and training courses could be arranged, by means
of which learners from other countries also could acquire that
skill which is indispensable if radio religious programs are to
attain the best artistic and technical standards.
It
will be the function of the National Offices to encourage the
various types of religious programs within their territory and to
organize and coordinate them with each other; they will, in
addition, offer their cooperation, as far as possible, to the
directors of the other Radio stations, due care being observed
that nothing creeps into these transmissions contrary to sound
morals.
With
regard to ecclesiastics, including exempt religious, who are
engaged in Radio or Television stations, it will be the Bishops'
duty to impart suitable directives, the carrying out of which will
be committed to the various National Offices.
CATHOLIC
RADIO STATIONS
We
should like particularly to speak words of encouragement to
Catholic radio stations. We are fully aware of the almost
countless difficulties which have to be faced in this sphere; yet
We trust that this apostolic work which We value so highly, will
be pursued by them with energy and with mutual collaboration.
For
Our part, We have arranged for the extension and perfecting of the
Vatican Radio Station which has done excellent work for the
Church, the salutary activity of which, as We declared to the
Catholics of Holland who contributed to it so generously, has well
responded to "the ardent desires and the vital needs of the
whole Catholic world".(50)
PROGRAM
RESPONSIBILITY
Moreover,
We desire to extend Our thanks to all upright directors and
producers of radio programs for their fair assessment of the needs
of the Church to which many of them have borne testimony, either
by freely assigning a suitable time for the propagation of God's
Word, or by supplying the necessary equipment. By this way of
acting, they are certainly sharing in the special reward of
apostolic work, even though it is being carried out over the air,
according to Our Lord's promise: "Who receives a prophet in
the name of a prophet, will receive the reward of a
prophet".(51)
In
these days, technical excellence in radio programs requires that
they be in conformity to the true principles of the art; hence
their authors and those engaged in preparing and producing them
must be equipped with sound doctrine and a well-stored mind.
Consequently, We earnestly invite them also, as We did the members
of the Motion Picture industry, to make full use of that
superabundance of material from the storehouse of Christian
civilization. Finally, let the bishops remind State officials that
it is part of their duty to exercise appropriate diligence in
safeguarding the transmission of programs relating to the Catholic
Church, and that special consideration should be given to holy
days and to the daily spiritual needs of Christians.
4.
TELEVISION
It
remains, Venerable Brethren, to speak briefly to you about
Television, which, in the course of Our Pontificate, has in some
nations taken tremendous steps forward, and in others is gradually
coming into use.
The
ever growing development of this art, which beyond all doubt is an
event of great importance in human history, has been followed by
Us with lively interest and high hopes, but also with serious
anxiety; and while on the one hand, We have, from the beginning,
praised its potentialities for good and the new advantages
springing therefrom, We have also, on the other hand, foreseen and
pointed out the dangers, and the excesses of those who misuse it.
There
are many characteristics common to both Television and Motion
Pictures, for in both, pictures of the movement and the excitement
of life are presented to the eye; often, too, Television material
is derived from existing films. Moreover, Television shares, in a
sense, in the nature and special power of sound broadcasting, for
it is directed towards men in their own homes rather than in
theatres.
We
consider it superfluous in this place to repeat the warnings with
regard to film and radio programs, which We have already given
concerning the obligations binding, in this matter, on spectators,
listeners, producers and State officials.
Nor
need We again refer to the care and diligence which must be
observed in the correct preparation and encouragement of the
different types of religious programs.
CATHOLIC
PROGRAMS
It
is well known to Us with what deep interest vast numbers of
spectators gaze at television programs of Catholic events. It is
obvious, of course, - as We declared a few years ago (52) - that
to be present at Mass portrayed by Television is not the same as
being actually present at the Divine Sacrifice, as is of
obligation on holy days. However, from religious ceremonies, as
seen on Television, valuable fruits for the strengthening of the
Faith and the renewal of fervor can be obtained by all those who,
for some reason, are unable to be actually present; consequently,
We are convinced that We may wholeheartedly commend programs of
this kind.
In
each country, it will be for the Bishops to judge of the
suitability of televised religious programs, and commit their
execution to the established Office, which, of course, as in
similar matters, will be active and alert to publish information,
to instruct the minds of the audience, and to organize and
coordinate everything in a manner in keeping with Christian
morals.
SPECIAL
PROBLEMS ON TELEVISION
But
Television, besides the common element which it shares with the
other two inventions for spreading information, of which We have
already spoken, has a power and efficacy of its own. For, by the
art of Television, it is possible for the spectators to grasp by
the eye and the ear, events happening far away at the very moment
at which they are taking place, and thus to be drawn on, as it
were, to take an active part in them; and this sense of immediacy
is increased very much by the home surroundings.
This
special power which Television enjoys, of giving pleasure within
the family circle, is to be reckoned of very great importance,
since it can contribute a great deal to the religious life, the
intellectual development and the habits of those who make up the
family; of the sons, especially, whom the more modern invention
will certainly influence and captivate. But if that saying,
"a little leaven corrupteth the whole mass"(53)
corresponds at all to the truth, and if physical growth in youths
can be prevented, by some infectious germ, from reaching full
maturity, much more can some base element of education steal its
way into the fibres of the religious life, and check the due
shaping of morals. Everyone knows well that, very often, children
can avoid the transient attack of a disease outside their own
home, but cannot escape it when it lurks within the home itself.
It
is wrong to introduce risk in any form into the sanctity of home
surroundings; the Church, therefore, as her right and duty demand,
has always striven with all her force to prevent these sacred
portals suffering violence, under any pretext, from evil
television shows.
Since
Television certainly has this among other advantages, that both
old and young can easily remain at home, it can have considerable
influence in strengthening the bonds of loyalty and love within
the family circle, provided the screen displays nothing which is
contrary to those same virtues of loyalty and chaste love.
There
are, however, some who completely deny that, at least at the
present time, these lofty demands can be put into practice. For
they repeatedly assert that the contract made with the spectators
in no way permits any part of the time allotted to television to
be left unoccupied; further, that they are forced by the necessity
of always having a variety of programs ready to hand, to put on
shows sometimes which were originally intended only for the public
theatre; and finally, that television is an affair not just for
the young but for grown-ups as well. We admit that in this matter
difficulties readily occur; nevertheless, their solution should
not be postponed to some future date, for the practice of this
art, hitherto not controlled by the reins of prudent counsel, has
already inflicted serious harm on individuals and on human
society; the extent of this damage up to the present time can be
gauged only with difficulty.
But
in order that the unravelling of these difficulties may advance
side by side with the increasing use of Television in each
country, the most urgent efforts should be devoted to the
preparation of the different shows, ensuring that they correspond
to ethical and psychological requirements as well as to the
technical aspects of Television.
For
this reason We paternally exhort Catholics, well-qualified by
their learning, sound doctrine and knowledge of the arts, - and in
particular clerics, and members of Religious Orders and
Congregations - to turn their attention to this new art and give
their active cooperation, so that whatever benefits the past and
true progress have contributed to the mind's development, may be
also employed in full measure to the advantage of Television.
In
addition, it is essential that producers of television films take
care not only to preserve intact religious and honorable
principles, but also to be on special guard against the danger
which the young may perhaps fall into, if they are present at
shows intended for grown-ups. With regard to similar performances
which are put on in cinemas and theatres, in order to preserve the
common good, appropriate precautions have been deliberately taken
in almost all civilized countries, with the object of keeping
young people away from immoral entertainments. But it is common
knowledge that television - and with greater reason - needs the
benefits and safeguards of alert vigilance. It is praiseworthy
that, in some countries, items forbidden to the young are excluded
from the television programs; but if it happens that certain
places admit such, then, at least, definite precautions are
absolutely essential.
It
is useless for anyone to suppose that excellent principles and an
upright conscience on the part of those engaged in these arts are
sufficient either to ensure that nothing but good flows from the
small white screen, or to remove all that is evil. In this matter,
then, prudence and watchful care are especially demanded of those
who make use of television. Due moderation in its use, prudence in
admitting the children to viewing according to their different
ages, a balanced judgment based on what has been seen before, and
finally, exclusion of children from what are in any sense improper
spectacles: all these are the duties which weigh heavily on
parents and on all engaged in education.
We
do not overlook the fact that the directives We have just given in
the last section, can sometimes produce serious difficulties and
considerable inconveniences; for the awareness of their role as
educators will often demand that parents give clear example to
their offspring, and also bid them deny themselves - not without
some personal sacrifice - some programs they would like to see.
But who thinks the burden on parents is too heavy when the supreme
good of the children is at stake?
This
being so, - as We declared in a letter to the Italian Bishops -
"it is a most pressing need that the conscience of Catholics
with regard to television should be formed by the sound principles
of the Christian religion";(54) the more so, in order that
this kind of art may not be at the service of error or the snares
of vice, but may prove to be rather a help" to educate and
train men, and recall them to their higher state".(55)
CONCLUSION
TO
THE CLERGY
We
cannot conclude this Letter, Venerable Brethren, without recalling
to your mind the importance of the function committed to the
priest for encouraging and mastering the inventions which affect
communication, not only in other spheres of the apostolate, but
especially in this essential work of the Church.
He
ought to have a sound knowledge of all questions which confront
the souls of Christians with regard to Motion Pictures, Radio and
Television. As We said in a discourse to those taking part in a
Study Week for the bringing up to date of pastoral practice in
Italy at the present time, "The priest with 'the care of
souls' can and must know what modern science, art and technique
assert whenever they touch on the end of man and his moral and
religious life".(56) Let him learn to use these aids
correctly as often as, in the prudent judgment of ecclesiastical
authority, the nature of the ministry entrusted to him and the
need of assisting an increasing number of souls demand it.
Finally, if these arts are employed by the priest to advantage,
his prudence, self-control and sense of responsibility will shine
out as an example to all Christians.
SUMMING
UP
We
decided to lay before you, Venerable Brethren, Our thoughts and
anxieties, which you, of course, also share, concerning the grave
dangers which can beset Christian Faith and morals if the powerful
inventions of Motion Pictures, Radio and Television are perverted
by men to evil uses.
We
have not, however, passed over the benefits and advantages which
these modern instruments can bring. To this end, with the precepts
of the Christian Faith and Natural Law to enlighten Us, We have
explained the principles which must guide and regulate both the
action of the directors of the means of publicity, and the
conscience of those who use them. And for the same reason, namely,
that the gifts of Divine Providence may secure the good of souls,
We have paternally exhorted you not only to exercise a watchful
care, but also to use positive action and authority. For it is the
function of those National Offices, which on this occasion also We
have commended to you, not only to preserve and defend, but, more
especially, to direct, organize and assist the many educational
projects which have been begun in many countries, so that by means
of this difficult and extensive province of the arts, the
Christian ideas may be ever more widely spread.
But
since We have firm confidence in the ultimate triumph of God's
cause, We do not doubt that these precepts and instructions of
Ours - which We entrust for due execution to the Pontifical
Commission for Motion Pictures, Radio and Television - can rouse
new enthusiasm for the apostolate in this sphere, which promises
such a plenteous and fruitful harvest.
Relying
on this hope, which Our well-founded knowledge of your pastoral
zeal very much strengthens, We impart with all Our heart, as a
pledge of heavenly graces, the Apostolic Benediction on you,
Venerable Brethren, as well as on the clergy and people committed
to your care and in particular on those who work actively to bring
our desires and instructions to fulfillment.
From
St Peter's, Rome, the eighth day of September, the feast of Our
Lady's Nativity 1957, the nineteenth year of Our Pontificate.
Endnotes:
1.
S. IOAN. CHRYS., De consubstantiali, contra Anomoeos: P.G., 48,
810. | 2. Eph. III, 8-9 | 3. I Pt. I, 18-19. | 4. Radiophonicum
nuntium Qui arcano, d. 12 Februarii, a. 1931: A.A.S., vol. XXIII,
1931, pg. 65. | 5. Epist. Enc. Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a.
1936: A.A.S., vol. XXVIII, 1936, pg. 249 sq. | 6. Ibid. pg.
251. | 7. Cfr. A.A.S., d. 16 Decembris, a. 1954, vol. XLVI, 1954, pg. 783-784. | 8. Cfr. Sermo ad catholicos Hollandiae, d.
19 Maii, a. 1950 habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio
XII, vol. XII, pg. 75. | 9. Rom. X, 16. | 10. Mt. XXII, 16. | 11.
Cfr. Sermo ad cultores cinematographicae artis ex Italia Romae
congregatos, d. 21 Iunii, a. 1955: A.A. S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pg
504. | 12. Cfr. Mt., XI, 30. | 13. Cfr. Sermo ad radiophonicae
artis cultorum coetum, d. 5 Maii, a. 1950 ex omnibus Nationibus
Romae habitum: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol.
XII, pg. 54. | 14. Rom. V, 5. | 15. Cfr. Mt. V, 48. | 16. Litt.
Apost. d. 12 Ianuarii, a. 1951: A.A.S., vol XLV, 1952, pg.
216-217. | 17. Ibid. pg. 216. | 18. Mt. XIII, 27. | 19. Mt. XIII,
28. | 20. I Thes. V, 21-22. | 21. Cfr. Sermo, quinto exeunte
saeculo ab Angelici obitu, in Aedibus Vaticanis habitus d. 20
Aprilis, a. 1955: A.A.S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pg. 291-292; Litt.
Enc. Musicae Sacrae, d. 25 Decembris, a 1955: A.A.S., vol.
XLVIII, 1956, pg. 10. | 22. Cfr. Rom. 11, 15. | 23. Sermo ad
cultores artis cinematographicae ex Italia Romae congregatos, d.
21 Iunii, a. 1955: A.A.S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pg. 505. | 24. S.
THOM., Summ. Theol., I. q. 1, a. 9. | 25. Cfr. Ibid. I, q. 67, a.
1. | 26. Sermo ad sodales Radiophonicae Societatis Italiae, d. 3
Decembris, a. 1944 habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio
XII, vol. VI, pg. 209. | 27. Sermo ad Nationum Societatis
Consilium publicis ordinandis nuntiis, d. 24 Aprilis, a. 1956
habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. XVIII, pg. 137. | 28. Cfr. Ioan. VIII, 32 | 29. Cfr. Nuntius
radiophonicus ad christifideles Columbianae Reipublicae, d. 11
Aprilis, a. 1953 habitus, cum Statio Radiophonica Sutacentiae
inaugurabatur: A.A.S., vol. XLV, 1953, pg. 294. | 30. Ep Enc.
Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a. 1936: A.A.S., vol. XXVIII, 1936,
pg. 255. | 31. Ep. Enc. Vigilanti cura: ibid. pg. 254. | 32. Cfr.
Adhortatio de televisione, d. 1 Ianuarii, a. 1954: A.A.S., vol.
XLIV, a. 1954, pg. 21. | 33. Cfr. Sermo ad moderatores, docentes,
et cultores Consociationis ex omnibus Nationibus Institutorum
Archaeologiae, Historiae, et Artis Historiae, d. 9 Martii, a.
1956, habita: A.A.S., vol XLVIII, 1966, pg. 212. | 34. Ep. Enc.
Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a. 1936: A.A.S., vol. XXVIII, 1936,
pg. 261. | 35. Cfr. Sermo ad cinematographicae artis cultores ex
Italia Romae congregatos, d. 21 Iunii, a. 1955, A.A.S., vol.
XLVII, 1955, pg. 501-502. | 36. Cfr. Sermo ad cinematographicae
artis cultores, d. 28 Octobris, a. 1955, Romae congregatos: A.A.S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pg. 817. | 37. Cfr. Sermones d. 21 Iunii et
28 Octobris, a. 1955 habiti: ibid., pg. 502, 505 et 816 sq. | 38.
Ep. Enc. Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii, a. 1936: A.A.S., vol.
XXVIII, 1936, pg. 260-261. | 39. Cfr. Sermo ad cultores
cinematographicae artis ex Italia Romae congregatos, d. 21 Iunii,
a. 1955: A.A.S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pg. 512. | 40. Ep. Enc.
Vigilanti cura, d. 29 Iunii a. 1936: A.A.S., vol. XXVIII, 1936,
pg. 260. | 41. Cfr. Pii XII sermo ad Urbis Parochos sacrosque per
Quadragesimae tempus Oratores die 5 Martii 1957 habitus: vide
diarium L'Osservatore Romano, 6 Martii 1957. | 42. Cfr. Sermo de
arte scaenica d. 26 Augusti, a. 1945 habitus: Discorsi e
Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. VII, pg. 157. | 43. Matth.
V, 16. | 44. Cfr. Epist. Pii XII ad christifideles Germaniae, ob
conventum a "Katholikentag" appellatum, Berolinum
congregatos die 10 Augusti, a. 1952: A.A.S., vol. XLIV, 1952, pg. 725. | 45. Cfr. Sermo d. 3 Decembris, a. 1944 habitus:
Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. VI, pg. 209. |
46. Cfr. Nuntius radiophonicus ad eos qui interfuerunt tertio
generali conventui de communicationibus inter cives et nationes,
sexagesimo volvente anno a radiotelegraphia inventa, Genuae habito:
A.A.S. vol. XLVII, 1955, pg. 736. | 47. Iac. III, 9-10. | 48.
Cfr. Sermo Pii XII d. 3 Octobris, a. 1917 quinquagesimo expleto
anno ab arte radiophonica inventa habitus: Discorsi e
Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. IX, pg. 267. | 49. Marc.
XVI, l5 | 50. Cfr. Sermo ad Hollandiae catholicos, d. 19 Maii, a.
1950 habitus: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S. S. Pio XII, vol. XII,
pg. 75. | 51. Mt. X, 41. | 52. Cfr. Sermo ad radiophonicae artis
cultores conventum ex omnibus Nationibus participantes: d. 5 Maii,
a. 1950; Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di S S. Pio XII, vol. XII, pg.
75. | 53. Gal. V, 9. | 54. Cfr. Adhortatio Apostolica, de
televisione, d. 1 Ianuarii. a. 1954: A.A.S., vol. XLVI, 1954, pg.
23. | 55. Cfr. Sermo de gravi televisionis momento, d. 21 Octobris,
a. 1955: A.A.S., vol. XLVII, 1955, pg. 777 | 56. Cfr. Sermo d.
14 Septembris, a. 1956 habitus: A.A.S. vol. XLVIII, 1956, pg.
707.
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